{"id":29106,"date":"2018-04-20T09:28:28","date_gmt":"2018-04-20T13:28:28","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.fondriest.com\/news\/?p=29106"},"modified":"2019-03-08T12:32:58","modified_gmt":"2019-03-08T16:32:58","slug":"buoy-data-powers-muskegon-lake-hypoxia-research","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.fondriest.com\/news\/buoy-data-powers-muskegon-lake-hypoxia-research.htm","title":{"rendered":"Buoy Data Powers Muskegon Lake Hypoxia Research"},"content":{"rendered":"

Sixty years ago, the famous ecologist George Evelyn Hutchinson wrote, \u201cA skillful limnologist can possibly learn more about the nature of a lake from a series of oxygen determinations than from any other chemical data.\u201d Since then, oxygen measurements have only grown more relevant<\/span> as the problem of hypoxia expands<\/span><\/a> in lakes, oceans and estuaries across the globe. \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

But ecologists\u2019 ability to measure oxygen has grown too. When Hutchison wrote that in 1957, \u00a0the \u201cseries of oxygen determinations\u201d produced by<\/span> a data buoy like the one floating on Muskegon Lake<\/span><\/a> in Michigan was unthinkable.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cEvery year it takes about a hundred thousand oxygen measurements at four different depths in the water column,\u201d said Bopi Biddanda, professor of water resources at the Annis Water Resources Institute, which operates the Muskegon Lake Observatory buoy.<\/span><\/p>\n

The buoy has been collecting water quality data since 2011 \u2014 data now powering new research that captures with unprecedented clarity the lakewide hypoxia afflicting this Great Lakes estuary every summer and fall. Two recently published studies detail the cycle of oxygen depletion in the lake\u2019s bottom waters, and the ecological impacts from bacteria to fish. Muskegon Lake sits along Michigan\u2019s west coast at the mouth of the Muskegon River, which drains the second-largest watershed in the state. Deeper insights into its hypoxia problems could help restoration efforts on this economically important lake and others like it.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cReally, it\u2019s a model Great Lakes estuary,\u201d Biddanda said. \u201cIt\u2019s at the land-water interface and carries with it that entire watershed\u2019s signal.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

Chronicling Hypoxia<\/span><\/h3>\n

One of the studies,<\/span> published in an April issue of the Journal of Great Lakes Research<\/span><\/a>, combines three years of buoy data with more than a decade of ship-based sampling to show that hypoxia is an annual occurrence in Muskegon Lake. The paper leads off with the Hutchinson quote, a literary move that Biddanda was surprised made it past the journal\u2019s editors.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cWe were worried they would want us to take it out, that it was too classy or something,\u201d he said.<\/span><\/p>\n

But the quote stayed, perhaps because the study goes a long way to prove the utility of time series of high-resolution oxygen data. Long-term manual sampling programs on Muskegon Lake had hinted at this, but the buoy data make it especially clear.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cUp to 2011, there was only anecdotal evidence \u2014 an occasional measurement. Some seasonal measurements, some sampling of bottom waters noted low oxygen,\u201d Biddanda said. \u201cBut nothing enough to really paint continuous and consistent and irrefutable evidence that hypoxia occurs every year.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

Additional sampling during the study period showed that conditions throughout the lake matched those and the buoy location. The researchers calculated that around 10 to 30 percent of the lake volume is hypoxic for one to three months, which Biddanda called \u201csubstantial.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

Ecological effects<\/span><\/h3>\n

Another study, this one<\/span> published in an April issue of the journal Ecosystems<\/span><\/a>, shows how the lack of oxygen in the bottom waters reshapes the ecology of the lake at every level, from bacteria to fish.<\/span><\/p>\n

The most notable result of the Ecosystems study was the high phosphorus concentrations they found in the hypoxic bottom waters compared with the surface waters, where it was almost undetectable. That\u2019s likely result of a chemical change that occurs under low dissolved oxygen that releases phosphorous previously bound to metals in the sediment, according to lead author and Annis research technician Anthony Weinke<\/span><\/p>\n

All of that dissolved phosphorus in the bottom water might play an important role in fueling the harmful algal blooms that sometimes plague the lake. There is some evidence that phycocyanin \u2014 an indicator of harmful algal blooms \u2014 shows an increase following these mixing events. The thought is that algae and cyanobacteria got a boost when strong winds occasionally mix the phosphorus-rich bottom waters into the top layer.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cKind of like a feeding frenzy for a period after the mixing event to get nutrients that they didn\u2019t already have,\u201d Weinke said.<\/span><\/p>\n

Higher up the food chain, the researchers found stark evidence of habitat degradation for fish during hypoxia. Muskegon Lake is a productive fishery, and one round of netting at the bottom during peak dissolved oxygen in November found 67 fish of nine different species. But during peak hypoxia, sampling at the same location netted no fish at all.<\/span><\/p>\n

Floating hypoxia<\/span><\/h3>\n

One peculiar finding showed that during periods of hypoxia the dense, cooler mass of low-oxygen water didn\u2019t always settle to the bottom of the lake as is normally the case. Instead, the hypoxic water was \u201cfloating\u201d on a layer of even colder, oxygen-rich water. During such times when coastal upwelling is occurring, cold oxygenated” water from Lake Michigan was occasionally creeping up into the channel and plunging down into Muskegon Lake and slipping along the lake bottom. That pulled more and more cold water in like a conveyor belt, Biddanda said, occasionally reaching as far up as the mouth of the Muskegon River.<\/span><\/p>\n

The impacts of these intrusions aren\u2019t fully understood, Biddanda said.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cIt sounds like a good thing, right? Oh look, this lake in the summer and early fall is experiencing bottom-water hypoxia. And in comes this nice oxygenated cold water,\u201d he said. “But then there\u2019s this floating of the hypoxia exposure to more of the shallow layers which may not have occured before.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

So fish that were swimming up in the water column to avoid the low-oxygen water have to swim up even higher, turning even more of the lake into inaccessible habitat. And sampling during these periods didn\u2019t show any noticeable uptick in fish abundance during the influxes of Lake Michigan water, Weinke said.<\/span><\/p>\n

All of these findings \u2014 Lake Michigan water intrusions, sediment phosphorus regeneration, bottom water nutrient mixing \u2014 merit further study, Biddanda said. And a better understanding won\u2019t just benefit Muskegon Lake. The system serves as a good model for other freshwater estuaries, especially the drowned river mouth lakes around the Great Lakes. And though it\u2019s small, it\u2019s also a good analogue for Lake Erie, which also suffers from severe hypoxia and harmful algal blooms.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cThere have been times where I\u2019m talking at seminars and I\u2019ll ask, \u2018Has anybody thought, is this guy talking about Lake Erie?\u2019 And most would lift their hands,\u201d Biddanda said.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Experts call Muskegon Lake a \u201cmodel Great Lakes estuary.\u201d Two new studies detail its patterns of hypoxia and the ecological effects with unprecedented clarity.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":29108,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[5,6],"tags":[126,60,607,500,109,349,176,56],"class_list":["post-29106","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-featured-articles","category-monitoring_tech-htm","tag-data-buoy","tag-featured","tag-hypoxia","tag-monitoring","tag-news-ticker","tag-technology","tag-top-story","tag-wetlands-estuaries"],"remote_post_permalink":false,"remote_post_featured_image":false,"yoast_head":"\nBuoy Data Powers Muskegon Lake Hypoxia Research<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Experts call Muskegon Lake a \u201cmodel Great Lakes estuary.\u201d Two new studies detail its patterns of 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