{"id":29158,"date":"2018-04-27T11:30:05","date_gmt":"2018-04-27T15:30:05","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.fondriest.com\/news\/?p=29158"},"modified":"2024-11-05T09:11:49","modified_gmt":"2024-11-05T13:11:49","slug":"beaches-moths-reynolds-mansion-sapelo-island-nerr-shows-off-historic-beauty","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.fondriest.com\/news\/beaches-moths-reynolds-mansion-sapelo-island-nerr-shows-off-historic-beauty.htm","title":{"rendered":"Beaches, Moths and Reynolds Mansion: Sapelo Island NERR Shows Off Historic Beauty"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u201cLepidoptera inventorying is a unique program here,\u201d says Rachel Guy, Sapelo Island National Estuarine Research Reserve (SINERR) Research Coordinator. \u201cMoth and butterfly enthusiasts have been doing research here for years.\u201d Just four researchers have found 1,100 species of Lepidoptera at Sapelo Island, some of which are state records. Previously unrecorded moth species have also been discovered, and are still being discovered regularly at Sapelo.<\/span><\/p>\n

While lepidopterology research is a special type of investigation not taking place at all NERRS, it is a fraction of the research being done at Sapelo Island NERR. Guy has held the Research Coordinator position for two years, but she had previous experience at Sapelo Island NERR, having done her doctoral dissertation work there for the University of Georgia under Nathan Nibbelink. She has been doing fieldwork at Sapelo since 2013.<\/span><\/p>\n

Research at Sapelo Island NERR also includes the same SWMP protocols as the other 28 NERRS, collecting water quality, chemical and meteorological data. \u201cData sondes at SINERR have been upgraded from YSI 6600 to EXO2 sondes, with data being taken on four sites,\u201d says Guy. The sondes are on pilings, and do not move with the tides. Data is taken on: temperature, percent saturation of oxygen, specific conductivity, pH, turbidity, salinity and depth, which is estimated using a pressure reading. \u00a0Nutrient sampling is performed once a month. Nitrates, organophosphates and chlorophyll a are measured. Water samples are taken for 24 hours over the tidal cycle with an ISCO sampler. A real-time meteorological station with Campbell Scientific CR-1000 telemetry equipment measures air temperature, wind speed and photosynthetic active radiation. There are also two surface elevation tables (SET) on Dean Creek, above and below a bridge on Nanny Goat Beach Road. The bridge originally had a culvert opening to allow tidal flow of the river, but was replaced with a larger box opening in 2014 within the same footprint of the original bridge. There are three vegetation transects next to each SET, measured out in quarter meter square plots.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"Lepidoptera\"

Patrick Hagan (Sapelo Island NERR – Research Technician), measuring changes in marsh surface at a long term sediment elevation table site (SET) at Dean Creek, Sapelo Island, November 2016. (Credit: Rachel Guy)<\/p><\/div>\n

In addition to the regular SWMP monitoring, total suspended solids in water samples are also measured.<\/span><\/p>\n

Separate from the SWMP program, other special monitoring done at Sapelo Island NERR involves moths and butterflies: lots and lots of moths and butterflies. \u201cResearchers have been doing Lepidoptera monitoring for six years,\u201d Guy explains. \u201cThey use both light traps and scent traps put out to attract moths and butterflies. They use overripe bananas and fermented fruit for the scent traps. They do trap monitoring one or two days and nights a month.\u201d Butterfly and moth enthusiasts look for the insects in many places on Sapelo Island: beaches and dunes, the lighthouse, maritime forests and by the freshwater bald cypress. For the size of the area, just 25 square miles, there is a very high amount of species diversity. \u201cThe high diversity is even more impressive when you consider that we\u2019ve only been able to trap a rather small area on the south end of the island,\u201d says James Adams of Dalton State College. Just four researchers have identified 1,100 species of Lepidoptera on Sapelo Island. These researchers are: Adams, Brian Scholtens of College of Charleston, Lance Durden of Georgia Southern University and John Hyatt, a retired chemistry professor from East Tennessee State University. They have found many Macrolepidoptera (larger species) and Microlepidoptera (small species). Some common butterflies on Sapelo are the Palamedes swallowtail, the saltmarsh skipper and the fiery skipper. So far, 81 butterfly species have been found on Sapelo. Of the Macrolepidoptera, a <\/span>Sympistis<\/span><\/i> has been found that has not been previously described. <\/span>Catocala delilah, Papaipema duovata, Derrima stellata<\/span><\/i> and <\/span>Phrudocentra centrifugaria<\/span><\/i> are also larger moths found on Sapelo which were state records. Of the Microlepidoptera, <\/span>Pelochrista<\/span><\/i> (formerly <\/span>Eucosma<\/span><\/i>) <\/span>guttulana, Goditha bumeliana <\/span><\/i>and <\/span>Lactura <\/span><\/i>nov. sp are notable because of their preference for dune habitat on Sapelo. The <\/span>Lactura nov<\/span><\/i>. is also a previously undescribed species.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"Lepidoptera\"

Lactura nov. sp. (Credit: Brian Scholtens)<\/p><\/div>\n

In addition to the Lepidoptera work, Sapelo Island also has a citizen scientist program, which is in its third year. The program was initiated by the Friends of Sapelo group, and its major purpose is to inventory Sapelo Island bee populations. \u201cOne type of bee we don\u2019t have commonly here is the European honey bee,\u201d Guy emphasizes. \u201cIn other parts of the U.S. that\u2019s the most common honey bee you will find.\u201d Instead, Sapelo has bumble bees, carpenter bees, and a variety of other lesser-known native bees. Sam Droege, Wildlife Biologist with USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, leads the bee monitoring effort. \u201cWe use different trap types for bees as opposed to moths and butterflies,\u201d Guy explains. \u201cFor bees, we can use shallow dishes of water or dishwashing liquid. They find those liquids attractive.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

Another special monitoring program at SINERR is a new one for crab monitoring. Led by Kerstin Wasson (Elkhorn Slough NERR) and Kenny Raposa (<\/span>Narragansett Bay<\/span> NERR), this project involves twelve other NERRs conducting the same monitoring at their vegetation monitoring sites. The collection on SINERR started last October, which is the season of peak biomass at the NERR. Crabs are monitored via pitfall traps that are monitored for 24 hours after vegetation monitoring is performed. \u00a0Recently some new crab types have been caught. \u201cI wouldn\u2019t necessarily call the newer crabs we are seeing invasive, since they are coming here on their own, naturally, not because of human activity,\u201d says Guy. \u201cWe like to call them range expansionists.\u201d There are mangrove tree crabs, Aratus pisonii, migrating into Sapelo from Florida mangroves, for example. There are also giant blue land crabs, Cardisoma guanhumi, coming in from the Caribbean via their own devices found on the Georgia Coast but not yet at the NERR. These crabs can be six inches in diameter, so they are difficult to overlook. Another range expansionist crab at Sapelo is the mangrove fiddler crab, Uca thayeri. \u201cThe mangrove tree crabs are actually quite pretty,\u201d Guy notes.<\/span><\/p>\n

In addition to the special crab monitoring being done at SINERR, there is also some habitat monitoring being done that is independent of the SWMP monitoring. On Nanny Goat Beach, three posts have been set up where visitors can set their cameras at certain angles. The pictures they take are then posted on a website. The pictures, always taken at the same angles, show how the habitat at Nanny Goat changes through the seasons and the years.<\/span><\/p>\n

Sometimes, SINERR habitat changes quickly and dramatically. \u201cHurricane Irma caused us to lose our primary dunes on the south end of Nanny Goat Beach,\u201d says Guy. \u201cIt was absolutely devastating to our dune vegetation.\u201d In response to the marsh erosion threatening roads and other structures, Sapelo Island NERR constructed two Living Shorelines, designed as a greener alternative to stopping nuisance erosion and aid habitat recovery. \u201cWe\u2019ve facilitated two years of fish monitoring for this program using bottomless lift nets,\u201d she explains. \u201cThe monitoring was done on natural reef sites and in a natural mud flat area for comparison to the living shoreline site.\u201d This monitoring effort has been led by Thomas Bliss of the UGA Marine Extension Service. They have also had some support from a handful of citizen scientists, some of whom were tourists who just wanted to lend a hand. \u201cWe\u2019re a small operation here compared to some other NERRS,\u201d Guy says. \u201cEvery bit of help is appreciated.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\"Lepidoptera\"

Adam MacKinnon (SINERR Education Coordinator) measuring plant height at permanent vegetation plots in the low salt marshes, October 2017. (Credit: Rachel Guy)<\/p><\/div>\n

In addition to Guy and a few other staff members already mentioned, Adam McKinnon also supports SINERR as its education coordinator. In the past, he has led volunteers in phytoplankton monitoring as well as initiating a brand new horseshoe crab tagging program. \u201cWe also have a volunteer group called Friends of Sapelo, and they help us with beach slope monitoring. They do line and stake measurements. Markings on the stake tell us how elevation has changed over time. Interestingly, the low tech line and stake way is just as effective as higher tech ways of giving us elevation change data,\u201d Guy observes.<\/span><\/p>\n

In addition to citizen scientists and others, SINERR also gets support from larger entities. \u201cAs it is with all NERRs, most of our funding comes from our federal partner, NOAA, while the remainder comes from a state partner. \u00a0These state partners are usually a department of natural resources or a state university,\u201d says Guy. \u201cIn our case, SINERR\u2018s matching state partner is the Georgia Department of Natural Resources of which we are employees of the Wildlife Resources Division.\u201d However, SINERR benefits from a longstanding academic research presence on the island, too. \u00a0Sapelo Island has a legacy of ecological research on the island through the University of Georgia: \u201cEugene Odum and John Teal did pioneering research in estuaries and salt marshes beginning in the 1950\u2019s with the University of Georgia Marine Institute.\u201d SINERR now appreciates an ongoing on-island partnerships with the University of Georgia Marine Institute and Georgia Coastal Ecosystem Long Term Ecological Research Program, funded by the National Science Foundation.<\/span><\/p>\n

In her years at SINERR, Guy has seen many changes. Generally speaking, two hurricanes led to a large loss of natural sand dunes. Several varieties of crabs have naturally migrated into Sapelo Island and now call it their home. There have also been changes in water chemistry, such as increased chlorophyll a and lower dissolved oxygen concentrations. There has also been a trend of increased water temperatures over time.<\/span><\/p>\n

Some of the changes Guy has seen have been surprising. \u201cWe have 6-8 foot tides on average and are a highly flushed system. This flushing shouldn\u2019t allow for eutrophication (algal blooms), but we are seeing a slight increase in chlorophyll a, a signature of increasing algae. We are exploring what might be causing this.\u201d says Guy. \u201cWe also have done an extensive study of marsh habitat and we\u2019ve seen how old causeways have negatively affected the marsh. The effects were larger than we would have thought. The recent changes to the old culvert bridge to a wider box bridge on Nanny Goat Beach Road allows for a more natural tidal flow. We are actually getting to watch our salt pans recover into healthy vegetated marsh.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\"Lepidoptera\"

Pulling pitfall traps for crab monitoring next to vegetation monitoring plots, October 2017. (Credit: Rachel Guy)<\/p><\/div>\n

Guy can\u2019t emphasize enough how special the facilities at SINERR are, and how exciting the marsh research at the NERR has been for her and for other researchers. \u201cThis is a great place to study if you really want to understand how sea level rise in the future due to climate change is going to affect an estuary system,\u201d she mentions. \u201cIt\u2019s a unique and beautiful place, relatively untrammeled, accessible only by ferry and with very little private development. There are only about 70 Sapelo Island residents.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

Sapelo Island NERR, while home to some beautiful historic sites such as R.J. Reynolds Mansion operated by the Georgia State Parks and Historic Sites Division, is perhaps even better known for its natural beauty. \u201cYou couldn\u2019t ask for a better natural lab,\u201d says Guy. \u201cThere are 100 miles of shoreline on the Georgia coast, the largest expanse of undeveloped coastal marsh on the Eastern Seaboard. There is also a deep cultural history here that dates back thousands of years to the Guale Indians. Sapelo Island NERR is a fascinating place for many reasons. I highly encourage researchers to visit and see all that we have to offer.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

In addition to SWMP monitoring done by all NERRS, Sapelo Island NERR in Georgia has also been the home of some exceptional Lepidoptera research. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":21,"featured_media":29164,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[59,5],"tags":[60,500,531,109,56],"class_list":["post-29158","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-estuaries-wetlands","category-featured-articles","tag-featured","tag-monitoring","tag-nerr","tag-news-ticker","tag-wetlands-estuaries"],"remote_post_permalink":false,"remote_post_featured_image":false,"yoast_head":"\nBeaches, Moths and Reynolds Mansion: Sapelo Island NERR Shows Off Historic Beauty<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"In addition to SWMP monitoring done by all NERRS, Sapelo Island NERR in Georgia has also been the home of some exceptional Lepidoptera research.\" \/>\n<meta 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