{"id":30821,"date":"2018-12-18T11:41:34","date_gmt":"2018-12-18T15:41:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.fondriest.com\/news\/?p=30821"},"modified":"2024-12-27T17:26:35","modified_gmt":"2024-12-27T21:26:35","slug":"from-alkalinity-to-zebra-mussels-murray-states-hancock-biological-station-reveals-trends-via-long-term-and-real-time-environmental-monitoring","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.fondriest.com\/news\/from-alkalinity-to-zebra-mussels-murray-states-hancock-biological-station-reveals-trends-via-long-term-and-real-time-environmental-monitoring.htm","title":{"rendered":"From Alkalinity to Zebra Mussels: Murray State\u2019s Hancock Biological Station Reveals Trends Via Long-Term and Real-Time Environmental Monitoring"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u201cWestern Kentucky is special because large reservoirs are greatly understudied,\u201d says David White, Professor Emeritus of Biology at Murray State in Kentucky and retired Director of <\/span>Hancock Biological Station<\/span><\/a>. \u00a0The station is a member of the Organization of Biological Field Stations (<\/span>OBFS<\/span><\/a>), the Global Lakes Ecological Observatory Network (<\/span>GLEON<\/span><\/a>) and the Association of Ecological Research Centers (<\/span>AERC)<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n

The area has one of the largest densities of major rivers and reservoirs in the world. Hancock Biological Field Station sits on Kentucky Lake, the largest reservoir in the U.S. east of the Mississippi River. The area is where the Cumberland River, Tennessee River, Ohio River and Mississippi River converge. \u00a0Also nearby are the cypress swamps of Reelfoot Lake and Murphy\u2019s Pond. <\/span><\/p>\n

In his 30 years at Hancock Biological Station, White has overseen both real-time and long-term environmental monitoring programs. \u201cOur long-term monitoring efforts began 30 years ago when we were first recognized as a \u2018Center of Excellence\u2019 by the state of Kentucky. \u00a0Our goal was to understand physicochemical and biological patterns and how the reservoir performs year round. We are only 15 minutes from the Murray State campus, giving easy access to Kentucky Lake for students and faculty,\u201d White says.<\/span><\/p>\n

The Kentucky Lake long-term monitoring program consists of 14 environmental monitoring sites with some located mid-channel in several of the bays and in two, small, paired watersheds. The watersheds include one in a forested area and one in a rural area.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"Hancock

Monitoring sites along Kentucky Lake (Credits: Elevation for KY: KYAPED Lidarbased 5′ DEM, Elevation for TN: USGS 10m DEM, Streams: USGS NHD, KLMP stations: Watershed Studies Institute and Murray State University)<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n

\u201cWe use 16 days as our monitoring interval because it corresponds with <\/span>LANDSAT flyovers<\/span><\/a>, allowing us to coordinate our research data from the ground with satellite data,\u201d White explains. The Hancock Biological Station environmental sampling crew goes to all the monitoring station sites on the same day, taking a suite of chemical, physical and biological data, including temperature profiles and conductivity, nitrogen, phosphate, silica, pH, chloride, chlorophyll and turbidity measurements. <\/span>C<\/span>14<\/span> primary productivity<\/span><\/a> at each site. Secchi depth is used to measure water transparency. Originally using Hydrolab equipment, Hancock switched to YSI in the late 1990s and presently uses <\/span>YSI 6600<\/span> data sondes. \u00a0Each sampling date is called a \u201ccruise.\u201d Cruise 600 will occur in March 2019. \u00a0To date, more than 200 students and faculty have participated in one or more cruises. \u00a0Long-term data are available to scientists interested in collaborative research.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cWe\u2019re the last reservoir and largest reservoir in the Tennessee River System. Because of that, we experience the sum of what occurs in the entire watershed,\u201d says White. When asked about trends he\u2019s observed in the data for Hancock Biological Station over 30 years, White reflects, \u201cWe have seen some very interesting data trends. For example, we have seen a temperature increase of nearly two degrees Celsius over time, which is very significant. We\u2019ve seen Secchi depths going up, nitrogen and phosphorus staying about the same, pH heading towards more alkaline. We\u2019ve also seen a significant decrease in sulfate from about 30 mg\/L down to 10 mg\/L due to the installation of scrubbers in power plants that have been removing atmospheric sulfate.\u201d Data gathering at Hancock will continue into the foreseeable future.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"Hancock

Our fixed real-time monitoring site located just off the main channel of Kentucky Lake. YSI 6600 sondes are set at 1 m from the water surface and 1 m off the bottom. (Credit: David White)<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n

\u201cChanges in Kentucky Lake also include the arrival of invasive species,\u201d White explains. In the past decade, Kentucky Lake has seen the invasion of silver carp. In the past year, invasive zebra mussels have also arrived. \u201cThey\u2019re both planktivores,\u201d says White. \u201cThere\u2019s a delicate balance at work here with phytoplankton, zooplankton and the chemical environment of the water. We are pretty low in nutrients. Kentucky Lake is not a hugely productive system. That being said, if the balance of nutrients and chemicals in the lake change even slightly, you can start seeing significant differences, such as an increase in clarity and decreases in zooplankton and phytoplankton abundances. We\u2019ve observed a rise in zebra mussels once the calcium level got above 21 or 22 ppm in the lake. Above that level, zebra mussels can survive and reproduce. \u00a0These are trends we have seen only because we have long-term monitoring data.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

Real-time monitoring at Hancock Biological Station started in 2005. Hancock now has two mobile buoy platforms and one fixed system that return data every 15 minutes using cell phones and radio. \u00a0Funding for the real-time monitoring has been through National Science Foundation grants. Each site is equipped with data sondes, weather stations, PAR sensors, etc. \u201cInitially we used NexSens technology<\/a> for real-time data gathering and now are using Campbell Technology<\/a>. We are upgrading to YSI EXO-2 sondes soon,\u201d says White. \u201cWe just placed an order.\u201d \u00a0Both nitrate and phosphate sensors have been added recently. <\/span><\/p>\n

While researchers at Hancock use their real-time data frequently, it is popular with the general public as well. \u201cFishermen use our fixed site temperature and oxygen data a lot. We get thousands of hits because of them,\u201d says White. \u201cWe\u2019ve been providing them with information for 13 years now, and that helps them fish more productively.\u201d Real-time data are available on the website:<\/span> www.murraystate.edu\/hbs<\/span><\/a>. The data generated by the two mobile buoys are not currently available to the public, but they are available for collaborative research purposes.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"Hancock

Graduate students launching one of our two YSI Pieces monitoring buoys (Credit: David White)<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n

\u201cGathering good data comes with challenges,\u201d White reflects. \u201cSometimes probes stop working, especially pH probes. Sensors need to be cleaned, replaced or recalibrated. We need to be diligent at all times so the flow of data is interrupted as little as possible.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

A current research question of interest is: what conditions must be in place for a blue-green algal bloom to occur? \u201cWe\u2019ve added nitrogen and phosphorus real-time sensors so we can get a better handle on the answer to that question,\u201d says White.<\/span><\/p>\n

Work at Hancock Biological Station continues to be richly rewarding for the scientists who work there. \u201cBeing on Kentucky Lake is a great experience,\u201d White says fondly. \u201cIt\u2019s also very gratifying to see that our long-term data are picking up trends seen by other scientists.\u201d The Kentucky Lake location has had other benefits as well. \u201cWe were in the zone of totality for the solar eclipse,\u201d White recalls. \u201cIt was exciting to watch the real-time buoy data catch the changes in PAR that happened during the eclipse.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

Originally a pre-med student, White worked on a grant at DePauw University that led him to explore sediment pollution in streams and focus on aquatic biology. He earned both a bachelor\u2019s and a master\u2019s degree in Zoology at DePauw and then a PhD in Biology at Louisville. \u201cI\u2019ve been able to do fascinating research here that involves undergraduate and graduate students and collaborations around the world,\u201d says White of his time at Hancock Biological Station.<\/span><\/p>\n

Top image: Hancock Biological Station\u2019s floating laboratory used in the monitoring program. (Credit: David White)<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Murray State\u2019s Hancock Biological Station, a Center of Excellence in Kentucky, uses environmental monitoring to elucidate the inner workings of its large reservoir system<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":21,"featured_media":30825,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[5,32,79,6,8,49,510],"tags":[126,1309,60,217,1311,1312,1215,1310,109,1110],"class_list":["post-30821","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-featured-articles","category-lakes-reservoirs","category-monitoring-gear-2","category-monitoring_tech-htm","category-newsfeed","category-rivers-streams","category-water-quality","tag-data-buoy","tag-david-white","tag-featured","tag-gleon","tag-hancock-biological-station","tag-kentucky-lake","tag-long-term-monitoring","tag-murray-state","tag-news-ticker","tag-obfs"],"remote_post_permalink":false,"remote_post_featured_image":false,"yoast_head":"\nFrom Alkalinity to Zebra Mussels: Murray State\u2019s Hancock Biological Station Reveals Trends Via Long-Term and Real-Time Environmental 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