{"id":31528,"date":"2019-04-29T10:43:35","date_gmt":"2019-04-29T14:43:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.fondriest.com\/news\/?p=31528"},"modified":"2019-05-09T08:16:46","modified_gmt":"2019-05-09T12:16:46","slug":"from-abalone-to-zooplankton-sitka-sound-science-center-works-to-monitor-health-of-alaskas-marine-life","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.fondriest.com\/news\/from-abalone-to-zooplankton-sitka-sound-science-center-works-to-monitor-health-of-alaskas-marine-life.htm","title":{"rendered":"From Abalone to Zooplankton: Sitka Sound Science Center Works to Monitor Health of Alaska\u2019s Marine Life"},"content":{"rendered":"

While Ron Heintz has only been Research Director at <\/span>Sitka Sound Science Center<\/span><\/a> for a few weeks, he is no stranger to marine science, having spent 34 years working for NOAA. \u201cI was looking for a new challenge,\u201d says Heintz. \u201cMy goal is to develop Sitka\u2019s research program.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

The Sitka Sound Science Center is located on the former site of the Sheldon Jackson College campus, once a Presbyterian Missionary School for Alaskan Natives in the 1880s. Over time, the school changed hands and is currently owned by several non-profits. Originally a place where boys could learn boat-building, shoe repair and printing, and girls could learn housekeeping and cooking, by the 1970s students were arriving to learn aquaculture and fish sciences. They also built the first salmon hatchery in Alaska with a state-issued permit. The College closed its doors in 2007 and reopened in 2010 as the Sitka Sound Science Center. The enthusiasm for research continued, and the Center took over the College\u2019s hatchery.<\/span><\/p>\n

Sitka Sound Science Center now functions as a biological field station and is a member of the <\/span>Organization of Biological Field Stations<\/span><\/a> (OBFS). \u201cAs a field station, we have two main objectives: 1) to be a center for education and educational outreach, and 2) to perform marine research,\u201d says Heintz. Research at Sitka Sound is done in coordination with various other research entities, including the U. of <\/span>California at Santa Cruz<\/span><\/a>. \u201cOne of the big interests we share with Santa Cruz is monitoring the effects of ocean acidification on nearshore species. One of the ways we can help protect nearshore species from acidification is by maintaining healthy kelp beds. Vulnerable marine creatures, such as herring embryos, may be protected by kelp. This is an active line of research being conducted in Sitka. Along with the <\/span>U. of California at Irvine<\/span><\/a>, we help to monitor marine biodiversity,\u201d Heintz mentions.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"Sitka

Sitka Sound Science Center\u2019s Courtney Weiss loads a sample into a Parr 6725 semi-micro bomb calorimeter. Estimates of the energy content of fish are used to assess their nutritional condition as part of a joint project between NOAA and the Sitka Sound Science Center. (Photo by Tayler Jarvis)<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n

There is also an interest in landslide research. \u201cThere was a big landslide a couple years ago where people were killed. We have been partnering with the <\/span>Rand Corporation<\/span><\/a> to develop an early warning system,\u201d he adds.<\/span><\/p>\n

Sitka Sound Science Center has also been working with <\/span>NOAA and the Alaska Fishery Science Center<\/span><\/a> on indices of ecosystem conditions for juvenile fish, especially on monitoring their nutritional condition. Calorimetry is used to monitor juvenile fish. Surveys conducted by NOAA, in the Bering Sea and the Gulf of Alaska, occur in alternating years. Surveys last 6 weeks and sample a gridwork of 130 stations located 30 nautical miles apart. These surveys are part of NOAA\u2019s ecosystem monitoring. Heintz says, \u201cWe get a profile of the water column by collecting water samples at various depths.\u201d Chlorophyll content is determined by fluorometric means, and a <\/span>SeaBird CTD<\/span><\/a> is used to get water temperature, conductivity and water depth data. \u201cThis data is very precise, good enough for oceanographers to use,\u201d says Heintz.<\/span><\/p>\n

They also collect zooplankton data. \u201cWe have two sets of nets called <\/span>bongos<\/span><\/a>, one set of two nets has a small mesh size and captures small zooplankton, and the other set has a larger mesh size and captures larger, faster swimming zooplankton. By having these mesh sizes and netting systems, we will be able to collect microplankton all the way up to krill,\u201d says Heintz. Zooplankton are preserved for later analysis. One of the nets is quantitative, the other can be used for specific sampling requests. Copepods are sorted to the species level, frozen, and brought back to the lab where a spectrofluorometric method is used to measure their lipid content. In this way, the amount of fat\/energy available to the fish that eat the copepods can be measured. \u201cThe more fat the better,\u201d mentions Heintz.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"Sitka

In this photo, bongo nets are retrieved from the Bering Sea. The large nets with 505\u03bcm mesh are visible in the foreground. The smaller nets with 170\u03bcm mesh can be seen above. (Photo by Mike Levine)<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n

After the zooplankton is caught, trawl nets are put out to sample fish. The trawler catches fish as far down as 30 meters deep (the top 30 meters of the water column) and the net is 180 meters wide\u2026a huge net. \u201cThere are big wings that go out the sides, making for an enormous catch capacity,\u201d Heintz says. The net begins with a one-foot mesh and goes all the way down to a quarter inch mesh.<\/span><\/p>\n

After the trawl is finished, the catch is sorted by species. Samples are retained for lab analysis. Stomach contents of fish are removed and analyzed for prey. Data on the fish diets, weights and lengths are taken. Calorimetry is also used to measure the calories\/energy content of the fish per unit body weight. \u201cThe energy content shows us how likely the fish as a group will be able to survive,\u201d Heintz explains.<\/span><\/p>\n

NOAA has gathered 16-17 years\u2019 worth of data on the aquatic species of the Bering Sea. \u201cWe\u2019ve learned that if there are cool conditions and a late ice retreat in May, some fish species have good fat stores and survive well. On the other hand, if the conditions are warmer and there is an early ice retreat, those same species have less body fat and don\u2019t survive as well,\u201d Heintz explains. \u201cSo it is very concerning that the Bering Sea has had no ice at all for the past few years. It\u2019s rapidly warming. That\u2019s bad news for the fishermen.\u201d The ice helps protect species from storms off the northwest coast of Alaska, north of the Bering Strait. No ice means they are considerably more vulnerable to storms in addition to prey changes and other negative effects due to warming. \u00a0Sitka Sound is now cooperating with NOAA to help in the analysis of the samples and understand how changing conditions affect other species in the Bering Sea and the Gulf of Alaska.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"Sitka

Callie Simmons of the Sitka Sound Science Center stands next to gear used to monitor conditions in the Sitka National Historic Park under a cooperative agreement with the National Park Service. On the left is a meteorological station that collects air temperature, wind speed and direction. On the right is a microphone for monitoring the park\u2019s soundscape. (Photo by Tandi Stephens)<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n

Heintz recalls a terrible warming event that happened in January 2014 in the Gulf of Alaska: the arrival of <\/span>The Blob<\/span><\/a>. \u201cIt was a huge mass of super warm water that extended north and west from the California coast up to the Aleutian Islands. It was as much as two standard deviations warmer than normal,\u201d he remembers. \u201cIt caused the high mortality of whales and collapse of the area cod fishery. It also caused a massive seabird die-off by 2015 due to the numbers of cod, herring and other fish dwindling. The event ended in 2016, but by then it had changed the whole ecosystem. By 2017, 80 percent of the adult cod were gone.\u201d NOAA also declared an Unusual Mortality Event (UME) for area whales in 2016. The whale deaths were a consequence of zooplankton and fish deaths due to The Blob. \u201cA UME is declared based on standard surveys of whales. It was clear that the relative whale abundance had changed since 2005,\u201d says Heintz. Impacts were felt by humpback, fin, minke and gray whale populations. These populations will need to be monitored for years to come as the climate changes and warming occurs.<\/span><\/p>\n

In addition to all the biological data, weather data is also collected by Sitka\u2019s weather stations. Data collected includes wind speed, wind direction, temperature and precipitation. The weather station in Juneau also gathers air pressure data. \u201cAll the airports here have meteorological stations,\u201d Heintz notes.<\/span><\/p>\n

Along with weather data from the weather stations, there are <\/span>National Data Buoy Center<\/span><\/a> NOAA weather buoys off the coast gathering sea level height, air pressure, air temperature, conductivity, wave height and water temperature data.<\/span><\/p>\n

Sitka also does monitoring for the National Park Services at <\/span>Sitka National Historical Park<\/span><\/a> (Totem Park). \u201cWe collect temperature, dissolved oxygen and pH using YSI equipment,\u201d says Heintz.<\/span><\/p>\n

Even though his position is still quite new, Heintz has already formed a positive view of Sitka Sound Science Center. \u201cThere are great people here, and I am excited by the new challenges and the possibilities,\u201d he says. \u201cAs we develop the research program, I would especially like to emphasize herring, as we have the only operating herring fishery in Alaska here.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Monitoring marine species both great and small, Alaska\u2019s Sitka Sound Science Center keeps track of the health of fish, kelp, copepods and more.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":21,"featured_media":31530,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[4,23,5,6,8,44,510],"tags":[1617,157,1622,60,500,1620,109,74,1110,1621,1618,1616,1619],"class_list":["post-31528","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-aquatic_species-htm","category-earth-atmosphere","category-featured-articles","category-monitoring_tech-htm","category-newsfeed","category-oceans-coasts","category-water-quality","tag-alaska","tag-climate-change","tag-data-buoys","tag-featured","tag-monitoring","tag-national-data-buoy-center","tag-news-ticker","tag-noaa","tag-obfs","tag-sheldon-jackson-college","tag-sitka","tag-sitka-sound-science-center","tag-the-blob"],"remote_post_permalink":false,"remote_post_featured_image":false,"yoast_head":"\nFrom Abalone to Zooplankton: Sitka Sound Science Center Works to Monitor Health of 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