{"id":31817,"date":"2019-07-09T11:57:45","date_gmt":"2019-07-09T15:57:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.fondriest.com\/news\/?p=31817"},"modified":"2024-10-22T15:40:35","modified_gmt":"2024-10-22T19:40:35","slug":"eyes-underwater-watching-aquatic-wildlife","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.fondriest.com\/news\/eyes-underwater-watching-aquatic-wildlife.htm","title":{"rendered":"Eyes Underwater Watching Aquatic Wildlife"},"content":{"rendered":"

For as long as scientists have been studying the ocean, they have been limited by a lack of power. However, recent work from researchers at the <\/span>University of Washington (UW)<\/span><\/a> offers a promising new way to harvest energy from waves at sea. UW associate professor of mechanical engineering <\/span>Brian Polagye<\/span><\/a> spoke to <\/span>EM<\/span><\/i> about a recent project that used wave energy to power one of UW\u2019s Adaptable Monitoring Packages, or AMPs.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cOur work in this area has really been ongoing since about 2012,\u201d explains Dr. Polagye. \u201cWe put our first prototype AMP in the water back in 2015. Since then, it\u2019s been going through successive evolutions, variations on the package.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

The AMP is a package of integrated oceanographic sensors and the team talks about the AMP in terms of technology generations.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cThe first generation technology allowed us to run all the sensors over one cable,\u201d states Dr. Polagye. \u201cThe second generation of the technology let us get all the data back in a consistent format. The third-generation technology, which is the most recent version, is actually using that data in real time to adjust how we do sensing and observation.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

Dr. Polagye is the director of the <\/span>Pacific Marine Energy Center (PMEC)<\/span><\/a>, a collaboration between the University of Washington, <\/span>Oregon State University<\/span><\/a>, and the <\/span>University of Alaska, Fairbanks<\/span><\/a>. PMEC is an umbrella organization that unifies substantially all of the marine energy research and development, education and testing going on across the three institutions, and in aggregate size, it is among the largest marine energy research centers in the world.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cMy lab is one of the foundational labs within that center,\u201d states Dr. Polagye. \u201cWe\u2019ve been working on marine energy now for about 10 years. We\u2019ve learned a lot, but I feel like we\u2019ve just really scratched the surface of what we can do, both in terms of ocean observation and in terms of marine energy to power systems. I think it\u2019s a unique and successful center because we have awesome students, faculty, and staff that want to work on any sort of challenging problem, where you can basically see the societal and environmental relevance to your work, and I think that that\u2019s kind of a sweet spot for research.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

Machine learning and underwater sensing<\/span><\/h2>\n

Back in 2012, when machine learning was not nearly as mainstream as today, Dr. Polagye and the team had a vision of what the system would look like\u2014one that has since been achieved and exceeded.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"wave

Initial installation. (Credit: Dr. Brian Polagye, Pacific Marine Energy Center)<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n

\u201cIt\u2019s been a wonderful time to work on both the machine learning aspect of the project because that\u2019s been developing so rapidly, but also on the ocean engineering side of the project,\u201d remarks Dr. Polagye. \u201cThe cost of doing things in the ocean is really coming down. We\u2019ve been able to take advantage of those revolutions in both software and hardware.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

For many researchers, the cost of simply doing business underwater, so to speak, is among the biggest obstacles\u2014but that is changing.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cFor systems like the AMP, it\u2019s changing, and for some of the smaller scale systems we have now, it\u2019s changing pretty quick too,\u201d comments Dr. Polagye. \u201cWe\u2019re just using off-the-shelf, consumer-grade microcomputers to run them, like BeagleBones, Raspberry Pis, and Arduinos. Blue Robotics has made ROV components available to the mass market, making them an alternative to expensive custom solutions, if you\u2019re in relatively shallow water. We can tap into that to bring costs down.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

The team\u2019s progress is also made possible by the involvement of the ocean engineering department at the <\/span>UW’s Applied Physics Lab<\/span><\/a>. \u201cThe Applied Physics Laboratory at the University of Washington has done so much of the engineering work on the system that it simply would not be possible without them,\u201d remarks Dr. Polagye.<\/span><\/p>\n

They were also inspired by<\/span> an xkcd comic<\/span><\/a> about Asimov’s three laws of robotics.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cThe AMP is basically a system that\u2019s trying to satisfy three priorities in order of priority, details Dr. Polagye. \u201cThe first is making observations without disturbing marine life. The second is to make sure that we capture all the rare and interesting events. The third is to avoid producing so much data that we can\u2019t work with it.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

Prioritization matters, because there are various ways to run the system to ensure that rare events get captured without building up an unmanageable amount of data\u2014but it is essential to operate the system without biasing the animal behavior, or in the end, the AMP would merely study environmental responses to itself.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cThe AMP is really targeted to do all three of those things in that order of priority,\u201d Dr. Polagye describes. \u201cTo do that, you need to have the hardware to bring all the sensors together, but then you also need the software to blend and use all the data streams in real time, to not bias animal behavior, and to make sure that you\u2019re actually capturing rare events.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

Sensing the right events<\/span><\/h2>\n

Originally, the team started developing the AMP system specifically for marine renewable energy applications.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cInitially it was for looking at tidal turbines, and the question of marine mammal or fish collisions with turbines,\u201d explains Dr. Polagye. \u201cThere are also persistent concerns about the possibility that whales or sea turtles could become entangled with mooring lines. These are low probability events, but if they occur, they can have significant outcomes. The AMP system was really designed to try to capture that sort of interaction.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\"wave

Fish around the deployed AMP. (Credit: Dr. Brian Polagye, Pacific Marine Energy Center)<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n

However, according to Dr. Polagye, the trick with trying to capture these kinds of rare events is that it\u2019s not typically possible with just one sensor. More sensors mean more data\u2014sometimes too much.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cYou end up needing to throw sonar, optical cameras, and passive acoustics at these sorts of events to actually make sure you capture them and really understand them,\u201d remarks Dr. Polagye. \u201cThe trouble is, when you throw all those sensors at the problem, it\u2019s unwieldy to transfer and query the data. We did some calculations on an earlier generation of the AMP, and if we ran all the sensors continuously, and logged all the data, at the end of a year, we\u2019d have filled a metric ton of hard drives.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

Worse still, as you increase the number of sensors deployed, you get even more data, and most of it is not reflecting high-interest events. However, by increasing the number of sensors, researchers can train smarter algorithms.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cIf you start increasing the number of sensors, a lot of the benefit you get is that initial machine learning that says, \u2018Is something interesting potentially going on right now?\u2019 because that basically reduces your data by an order of magnitude, or more than an order of magnitude,\u201d adds Dr. Polagye. \u201cThat\u2019s the data mortgage problem in marine energy; you collect so much data that you\u2019re basically spending all your time curating it and not any of your time actually working with it. This is a strategy of deciding what you think is going to be useful on the front end and then only saving that, which makes it much easier to do analysis on the backend.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cA revolution in ocean sensing\u201d<\/span><\/h2>\n

The work at the <\/span>Ocean Observatories Initiative<\/span><\/a> has allowed scientists to deploy higher bandwidth sensors in some of the deep ocean places that had previously been unexplored, and Dr. Polagye believes this may lead to major breakthroughs for marine researchers.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cThere is a real revolution coming in ocean sensing,\u201d he remarks. \u201cOne of the revolutions that are going on in marine energy right now is this thought that, right now, marine energy generation may be well suited to basically provide power in the oceans in places that we don\u2019t have power currently.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

From October of 2018 through February of 2019, Dr. Polagye\u2019s team powered a version of the AMP\u00a0 a wave converter that was being tested off the coast of Hawaii. With the two systems working in concert, the team was able to make observations as if they were connected to shore via cable, but without that connection.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cWe\u2019ve had something north of 80% uptime on the system since it was deployed,\u201d reports Dr. Polagye. \u201cIt\u2019s basically like a really small microgrid. The load is our sensor system; the supply is wave energy. We have some batteries on board. But this is a case where the two sides of my lab really came together and worked in concert to answer the question of, \u2018We\u2019re interested in really understanding an area of the ocean better. Rather than running a cable all the way out into the ocean to do that, why not power these sort of observations off of wave energy?\u2019\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

In fact, offshore wave energy presents a host of market opportunities, the grid only being the most obvious.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"wave

Sensor head after 2 months – fouling does not really affect the sonars, but we have wipers to keep the optical ports clear. (Credit: Dr. Brian Polagye, Pacific Marine Energy Center)<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n

\u201cIf we had tried to run the AMP off of batteries, we would\u2019ve consumed the equivalent of about 800 lead-acid car batteries over the deployment,\u201d comments Dr. Polagye. \u201cYou start looking at just the cost of that many expendable batteries, and you quickly see that packing 800 batteries into an oceanographic platform is not tenable. It\u2019d be all batteries and no sensor.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

This highlights the perennial problem faced by anyone trying to get data from the surface to shore.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cI think it really does point to this interesting no man\u2019s land we have between all the things we can do if we have a cable, and how power-starved we are when we\u2019re forced to deal with batteries,\u201d remarks Dr. Polagye. \u201cWhen you\u2019re an oceanographer and you\u2019re dealing with batteries alone, it\u2019s like, \u2018Okay, how do I get a sensor that has the absolute minimum sensor power draw I need to even get close to the observation I want?\u2019\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

As elaborated in a recent report by the US Department of Energy\u2019s Water Power Technology Office, wave energy could unlock new and interesting oceanographic applications from offshore aquaculture to recovery of rare earth elements from seawater that have not yet been on the table.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cIf suddenly you have, not unlimited power, but say a kilowatt of power for an oceanography application, it\u2019s effectively unlimited,\u201d states Dr. Polagye. \u201cBetter ocean observations, persistent AUVs that live all over the ocean ridges that are just studying the ocean continuously. One example is the Malaysian Airlines flight that went down three years ago now, without a trace. There was an 18-months\u2019 search to try to find the transponder that was very much constrained by mobilizing vessels that could recharge AUVs or operate ROVs. If in the hours after that, you could have air-dropped AUVs and wave recharge stations all over the Indian Ocean, we could have dramatically improved the likelihood of finding that plane.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

Without the need to mobilize ships to do search and rescue activities because it\u2019s possible to generate power from waves subsurface, natural disaster rescue efforts could also be more effective.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cDuring and after the recent Indonesian tsunami, all their tsunami buoys were offline from damage or vandalism, because they have solar panels on the surface,\u201d adds Dr. Polagye. \u201cIf those could operate subsurface they might have been operational.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

Now, a company called <\/span>MarineSitu<\/span><\/a> is working to take the AMP technology to the market.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cMarineSitu is a university spin-off supported by CoMotion with the aim of transitioning the AMP technology from the university to industry,\u201d comments James Joslin, founder and president, and a marine engineer. \u201cBy offering these new capabilities to larger industries, MarineSitu\u2019s goal is to reduce the cost of environmental monitoring and lower regulatory barriers to marine energy projects.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

To see a video highlighting the team’s efforts go here!<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Recent deployment of an Adaptable Monitoring Package (AMP) reveals potential for tapping into wave energy at sea.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":31,"featured_media":31820,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[4,5,6,8,44,52],"tags":[1790,1789,60,643,1793,1797,109,1796,1791,1792,1794,206,1795,1798],"class_list":["post-31817","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-aquatic_species-htm","category-featured-articles","category-monitoring_tech-htm","category-newsfeed","category-oceans-coasts","category-technology","tag-amps","tag-brian-polagye","tag-featured","tag-machine-learning","tag-marine-energy","tag-marinesitu","tag-news-ticker","tag-ocean-observatories-initiative","tag-oceanographic-sensors","tag-pacific-marine-energy-center","tag-underwater-sensing","tag-university-of-washington","tag-uws-applied-physics-lab","tag-wave-energy"],"remote_post_permalink":false,"remote_post_featured_image":false,"yoast_head":"\nEyes Underwater Watching Aquatic 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