{"id":32195,"date":"2020-01-22T12:32:40","date_gmt":"2020-01-22T16:32:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.fondriest.com\/news\/?p=32195"},"modified":"2025-03-05T17:12:41","modified_gmt":"2025-03-05T21:12:41","slug":"reason-project-puts-water-quality-instrumentation-in-dams","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.fondriest.com\/news\/reason-project-puts-water-quality-instrumentation-in-dams.htm","title":{"rendered":"REASON Project Puts Water Quality Instrumentation in Dams"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Where and how to monitor water quality is always a challenge, particularly in complex aquatic ecosystems. The new <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/raeon.org\/projects\/michael-twiss-reason-network\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">REASON Project<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> from a team at <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.clarkson.edu\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Clarkson University<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is working to demonstrate the utility of using water quality instrumentation in dams on major rivers in the Great Lakes system.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.clarkson.edu\/people\/michael-twiss\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Clarkson University Professor of Biology Michael Twiss<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> spoke with <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">EM<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> about the new approach their team is taking at the Moses-Saunders Power Dam across the St. Lawrence River and the benefits the development of smart infrastructure such as this might offer.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cThe upper St. Lawrence River is defined as that which leaves Lake Ontario and is just upstream from the city of Montreal,\u201d explains Dr. Twiss. \u201cThat portion that&#8217;s shared between Canada and the United States is, by treaty since 1909, considered part of the Great Lakes. I moved here 15 years ago and I was asked, because I was a Great Lakes researcher, to research the river.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dr. Twiss found that much about this section of the river remained unknown, so the team began to conduct fundamental studies of how water changes when it flows out of the lake and downstream.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cI started doing a lot of basic limnological studies from boats,\u201d details Dr. Twiss. \u201cAs you can imagine, you need a big boat, because it&#8217;s the 13th largest river in the world. It&#8217;s really interesting, because it&#8217;s not like the Mississippi River that starts off as a trickle somewhere, the St. Lawrence starts off as a large river, over 6,500 cubic meters a second.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">One solution might be to deploy data buoys to gather data during the ice-free season, but that was unsatisfying for Dr. Twiss: \u201cWhat happens in the winter time? The river&#8217;s still flowing, still functioning.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_32192\" style=\"width: 610px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-32192\" class=\"size-large wp-image-32192\" src=\"https:\/\/www.fondriest.com\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/REASON_project_4-600x400.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https:\/\/news.fondriest.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/REASON_project_4-600x400.jpg 600w, https:\/\/news.fondriest.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/REASON_project_4-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/news.fondriest.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/REASON_project_4-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/news.fondriest.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/REASON_project_4.jpg 940w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-32192\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Moses-Saunders Power Dam. (Photo Credit: New York Power Authority)<\/p><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cI thought of the 32-turbine Moses-Saunders Power Dam which the entire river flows through,\u201d Dr. Twiss describes. \u201cWe can choose various water access points on the powerdam and backtrack to see where the water comes from using hydrodynamic modeling. In other words, we can put our instruments in different parts of the dam to measure different water masses.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The team now has one such station measuring at the Canadian shoreline, one measuring at the middle of the river, and one on the New York shore.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cAt the middle we calculate that the flow is essentially five-day-old Lake Ontario water,\u201d comments Dr. Twiss. \u201cThe shoreline stations are able to detect tributary influences, and those are different on the north and south shores\u2014the mass of water coming through actually causes lateral stratification, something characteristic of large rivers. Even though the water&#8217;s moving, you don&#8217;t get movement of water parcels from one side of the river to the other for hundreds of kilometers. It&#8217;s quite something.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>REASON in action<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The team\u2019s first sensors were installed on the New York nearshore side of the powerdam in 2014.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cWe can start telling stories about what happened during the flooding in 2017, now we can detect that,\u201d remarks Dr. Twiss. \u201cLast year was a relatively normal year, and then suddenly, we&#8217;re back to another flood year in 2019.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The team has also detected more Cyanobacteria biomass than they had ever seen before in that river.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cIt may have been related to the flooding that occurred, but 2018 was also the warmest year on record in the water, so maybe that was a connection,\u201d states Dr. Twiss. \u201cThere is value in making these long term measurements as part of an ongoing ecological research project, as we can now try to relate any changes in land use, water levels, and climate that might be occurring, to water quality. We are able to observe and try to understand the data that come in, and use it to address various hypotheses.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Given that there was really no way to monitor in this river year-round before, obviously, these new data on these complex major events make a significant difference for scientists and planners.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cIt&#8217;s a pretty harsh climate around here in the middle of winter,\u201d Dr. Twiss says. \u201cThe river is ice-covered, a high volume of water is flowing, and day length is short, so going out on a boat is not really possible. And buoys out there will just get damaged by ice, so this is really the only way to make these kinds of measurements. It&#8217;s opened up a window into what&#8217;s occurring in the wintertime.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_32190\" style=\"width: 610px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-32190\" class=\"size-large wp-image-32190\" src=\"https:\/\/www.fondriest.com\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/REASON_project_2-600x400.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https:\/\/news.fondriest.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/REASON_project_2-600x400.jpg 600w, https:\/\/news.fondriest.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/REASON_project_2-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/news.fondriest.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/REASON_project_2-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/news.fondriest.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/REASON_project_2.jpg 940w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-32190\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sunset after a storm over the powerdam (Credit: Philip Kamrass, New York Power Authority)<\/p><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The partnership between the researchers and stakeholders in the region also makes the project a success.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201c<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nypa.gov\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The New York Power Authority<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (NYPA) allows us access to the US-portion of this internationally-shared structure.\u00a0 Because NYPA is a state-owned corporation that gains power from natural resources, part of their mission is to ensure they&#8217;re a good corporate citizen,\u201d remarks Dr. Twiss. \u201cWe&#8217;re also in a partnership with <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.opg.com\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ontario Power Generation<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. The two countries share both the waters and the dam, so this is a nice bi-national story\u2014in fact, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/riverinstitute.ca\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The River Institute<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in Cornwall, is a REASON Project partner that is involved with monitoring on the Canadian side.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The project has also garnered interest from the <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/eprijournal.com\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Electrical Power Research Institute<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (EPRI) because American eel traverse the dam.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cWhen eels migrate downstream they must pass through the turbines, and there&#8217;s a 40 percent mortality rate every time they make the trip,\u201d Dr. Twiss comments. \u201cThere are eel ladders to take eels up the St. Lawrence River, but on the way down they have no safe passage, so the folks at EPRI are interested in the temperature and water quality data over certain times of year because they&#8217;re trying to figure out a way of diverting the eels into areas where they can collect them and physically take them around the dam. So our data is being used by other folks for different reasons, and we&#8217;re more than happy to share it.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Details in the dam<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dr. Twiss describes how the water quality monitoring system works inside the dam:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cThe water flows down through penstocks into a large, concrete-encased chamber down below. Inside of that is a scroll case, where all the water flows, and then passes down through the turbines, which generate electricity. The generation of electricity is a mechanical process and it each turbine unit generates heat as they spin, so river water is used to dissipate some of the heat.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">River water from the chamber is drawn off in a pipe one foot in diameter for the cooling apparatus \u2013 the team taps it off with a stainless steel pipe.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cWe step down the pressure, and we pass it through our instruments, which are encased in flow-through chambers on a shelf unit,\u201d says Dr. Twiss. \u201cThen the water goes down into a scupper and returns to the river. Meanwhile, we collect the data.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_32189\" style=\"width: 610px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-32189\" class=\"size-large wp-image-32189\" src=\"https:\/\/www.fondriest.com\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/REASON_collage0-1-600x286.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"286\" srcset=\"https:\/\/news.fondriest.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/REASON_collage0-1-600x286.jpg 600w, https:\/\/news.fondriest.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/REASON_collage0-1-300x143.jpg 300w, https:\/\/news.fondriest.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/REASON_collage0-1-768x366.jpg 768w, https:\/\/news.fondriest.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/REASON_collage0-1.jpg 854w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-32189\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">A technician works with the monitoring system at the powerdam. (Photo Credit: Michael Twiss, Clarkson University)<\/p><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Although the technology is capable of producing real-time data, the unique situation of its dam placement makes that option impossible.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cIt&#8217;s a secure environment that is highly regulated,\u201d explains Dr. Twiss. \u201cIn fact, we&#8217;re not allowed to have real-time instrument data output due to cybersecurity concerns. At the same time, I don&#8217;t think there&#8217;s really a demand for that information at present. In certain places that use river water as source water it&#8217;d be nice to have alerts for Cyanobacteria, for example, but I would rather see that instrumentation right there at the municipal water intakes. What we can gather is information on how the river behaves from year to year, so people can pay attention to certain times of the year based on how the river functions.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In other words, the project is working to acquire a big picture for policy information so that decisions can be made more effectively locally, and municipalities can use better information for planning their own water quality monitoring.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Meanwhile, there are plenty of advantages to a permanent placement inside a dam, too.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cThe instrumentation is very well-protected, explains Dr. Twiss. \u201cNo sun rays to erode the plastic, there are no great temperature fluctuations.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Coming next for the team: plans to expand into the St. Marys River, which is the outflow of Lake Superior.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cThere are three dams across that river,\u201d details Dr. Twiss. \u201cTwo are owned and operated by private companies, and one is a fully automated dam operated by the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.usace.army.mil\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">US Army Corps of Engineers<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (USACE), so we&#8217;re working to establish a network that can monitor the \u201cpulse\u201d on the Great Lakes at both ends of the system.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For now, the system continues to monitor the same water quality parameters it has from the outset of the project.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cTemperature; specific conductivity; fluorescence; in vivo phycocyanin, which is an indicator of Cyanobacteria; colored dissolved organic matter or CDOM and turbidity\u201d Dr. Twiss describes. \u201cWhen we grab samples, we test for nutrients such as phosphorus and nitrate, as well as sulfate and chloride.\u00a0 In addition, we measure size fractionated of chlorophyll\u2013a so .02 to 2, 2 to 20, and greater than 20 microns. We also measure the phytoplankton community composition using a FluoroProbe which is a multi-spectral fluorometer.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The team also analyzes their grab samples for mercury, which assessed for its relation to water level changes.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cWe&#8217;re concerned that high water levels are causing erosion into wetlands, which contain mercury,\u201d adds Dr. Twiss. \u201cThe changing water levels can establish redox changes that favor\u00a0 microbes in those environments to methylate mercury, and we think that might be enhancing its bioavailability.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_32194\" style=\"width: 610px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-32194\" class=\"size-large wp-image-32194\" src=\"https:\/\/www.fondriest.com\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/REASON_project_7-600x450.jpg\" alt=\"powerdam\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https:\/\/news.fondriest.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/REASON_project_7-600x450.jpg 600w, https:\/\/news.fondriest.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/REASON_project_7-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/news.fondriest.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/REASON_project_7-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/news.fondriest.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/REASON_project_7.jpg 940w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-32194\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">A view of the dam in the winter. (Photo Credit: Michael Twiss, Clarkson University)<\/p><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Another advantage of monitoring from this kind of fixed station in a large river is the ability to apply hydrodynamic modeling to predict flows more accurately.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cFor example, we&#8217;re able to detect the spring freshet in the Oswegatchie River that flows out of the Adirondacks,\u201d remarks Dr. Twiss. \u201cWe can see the decrease in the salinity of the water, specifically related to the discharge. That river enters the St. Lawrence River 65 kilometers upstream from the dam, so although the impact on water quality is subtle, we&#8217;re detecting that tributary. It&#8217;s quite noticeable.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">And while the instrumentation is well-protected in its secure site, the team is aware of the current limits to what they can detect.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cFor example, you have to consider what&#8217;s happening in Lake Ontario, which way the wind&#8217;s going, because there are wind-driven currents and other water motion effects,\u201d says Dr. Twiss. \u201cSo, because what water mass is actually being entrained into the river at which time can influence what you&#8217;re observing in the river, chemical and physical changes in the river don&#8217;t change as much as the biological condition changes.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Meanwhile, the researchers continue to test and improve the systems and the process with the help of their partners.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cOur partners, the power companies, need us to live up to our mantra from the get-go: we&#8217;re not going to get in your way, we&#8217;ll just run our instruments,\u201d comments Dr. Twiss. \u201cOnce in a while they have to stop the water flow for maintenance. We&#8217;ve developed scripts to clean up the data and detect when things get shut down automatically. We&#8217;re using our system as a test bed right now, and we&#8217;re interested in other people using the platform, to further test new instruments.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The new REASON project from Clarkson University is placing water quality instrumentation in dams to help decision makers locally.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":31,"featured_media":32193,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[5,6,8,49,510],"tags":[2051,937,2055,60,2050,2049,109,2053,2048,2052,2054,1284,503],"class_list":["post-32195","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-featured-articles","category-monitoring_tech-htm","category-newsfeed","category-rivers-streams","category-water-quality","tag-clarkson-university","tag-eels","tag-electrical-power-research-institute","tag-featured","tag-michael-twiss","tag-new-york-power-authority","tag-news-ticker","tag-ontario-power-generation","tag-powerdams","tag-reason-project","tag-the-river-institute","tag-usace","tag-water-quality"],"remote_post_permalink":false,"remote_post_featured_image":false,"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>REASON Project Puts Water Quality Instrumentation in Dams<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"The new REASON project from Clarkson University is placing water quality instrumentation in dams to help decision makers locally.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fondriest.com\/news\/reason-project-puts-water-quality-instrumentation-in-dams.htm\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"REASON Project Puts Water Quality Instrumentation in Dams\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"The new REASON project from Clarkson University is placing water quality instrumentation in dams to help decision makers locally.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.fondriest.com\/news\/reason-project-puts-water-quality-instrumentation-in-dams.htm\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Environmental Monitor\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2020-01-22T16:32:40+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2025-03-05T21:12:41+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.fondriest.com\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/REASON_project_6.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"940\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"752\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Karla Lant\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Karla Lant\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"10 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.fondriest.com\\\/news\\\/reason-project-puts-water-quality-instrumentation-in-dams.htm#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.fondriest.com\\\/news\\\/reason-project-puts-water-quality-instrumentation-in-dams.htm\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Karla Lant\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.fondriest.com\\\/news\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/51170f7bfa3a05b94cea6f517ce4e79b\"},\"headline\":\"REASON Project Puts Water Quality Instrumentation in Dams\",\"datePublished\":\"2020-01-22T16:32:40+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2025-03-05T21:12:41+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.fondriest.com\\\/news\\\/reason-project-puts-water-quality-instrumentation-in-dams.htm\"},\"wordCount\":1953,\"commentCount\":1,\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.fondriest.com\\\/news\\\/reason-project-puts-water-quality-instrumentation-in-dams.htm#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/news.fondriest.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2020\\\/01\\\/REASON_project_6.jpg\",\"keywords\":[\"Clarkson University\",\"eels\",\"Electrical Power Research Institute\",\"featured\",\"Michael Twiss\",\"New York Power Authority\",\"news ticker\",\"Ontario Power Generation\",\"powerdams\",\"REASON project\",\"The River Institute\",\"USACE\",\"water quality\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Featured Articles\",\"Monitoring Technology\",\"Newsfeed\",\"Rivers &amp; 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