{"id":32204,"date":"2020-02-06T11:52:25","date_gmt":"2020-02-06T15:52:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.fondriest.com\/news\/?p=32204"},"modified":"2021-01-29T15:47:53","modified_gmt":"2021-01-29T19:47:53","slug":"much-remains-unknown-about-sharks-the-cal-state-shark-lab-wants-to-change-that","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.fondriest.com\/news\/much-remains-unknown-about-sharks-the-cal-state-shark-lab-wants-to-change-that.htm","title":{"rendered":"Much Remains Unknown About Sharks. The Cal State Shark Lab Wants to Change That"},"content":{"rendered":"

Thirty years ago, white shark sightings near California\u2019s beaches almost never happened. For Chris Lowe, who was a graduate student at California State University\u2019s Shark Lab<\/a> at the time, spying a dorsal fin from one of the ocean\u2019s top predators was very rare.<\/span><\/p>\n

Prior to the mid-90\u2019s, an expansive commercial fishing operation and the loss of marine animals decimated white shark populations. If their food wasn\u2019t being hunted, sharks were getting caught in gill nets. At that point, they would be killed anyways before getting brought to the market to be sold.<\/span><\/p>\n

Then in 1994, California residents approved propositions that banned gillnets in state waters and enacted protections for the white shark.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Scientists don\u2019t really know how far the population\u2019s numbers fell, too. But what scientists and Lowe, who currently runs that same shark lab he was a student of, now know is that juvenile white shark sightings have increased, sighting as many as 12 at a beach at the same time.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cThey are coming back. It was a shock because they were in trouble for a while. When we started to look at why that is possible, a lot of things made sense,\u201d Lowe said. \u201cThese are all juveniles. One of the things we\u2019ve learned – juvenile white sharks use beach habitats and beach lagoons. They spend more time in these areas.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

Whether because the water is warmer or it\u2019s shallower or the food is easier to catch, juvenile white sharks use the California coastline to develop and grow. That wasn\u2019t something scientists understood years ago.<\/span><\/p>\n

In fact, scientists still don\u2019t know nearly as much as they\u2019d like to know about sharks.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cThe challenge has never been public interest. It was always there, but we never had the right technology to answer the best questions posed for 80 years,\u201d said Christopher Lowe. \u201cNow we have those tools, but not the money.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

Unless proposals for grant funding meet the criteria of \u201cDo we eat it?\u201d or \u201cIs it endangered?\u201d financial support from state and federal governments are scant.<\/span><\/p>\n

But white sharks are returning to California. And while their return is praised as a win for the ecosystem and habitat balance, it also means sharks and people are coming into contact with one another. This means the demand for understanding the behavior and physiology of sharks of all breeds has increased in recent years.<\/span><\/p>\n

Shark Lab Origins<\/span><\/h2>\n

Most of the Shark Lab\u2019s work can be split into two categories – documenting and studying sharks, and developing technology that will aid those studies. That\u2019s partly why the lab was started in the first place.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cThe Shark Lab was founded in 1966 by Dr. Don Nelson<\/a>, a renowned shark behavior expert.\u00a0 Our goal has always been to find the best ways to study shark behavior and make it available to the public,\u201d said Lowe.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"

Shark Lab Director Chris Lowe releases a shark back into the sea. (Credit: California State University Shark Lab)<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n

Research that was conducted in its early years was based on developing shark repellents – something the Office of Naval Research was keen on learning more about. But in order to repel sharks, scientists needed to understand the creatures they were repelling.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

However, just diving with sharks to observe and study their behavior was too limited. Which is how the lab started dipping its toes into the development industry – researching and building tools that could help them with their work.<\/span><\/p>\n

That meant placing sensors on sharks that could transmit data wirelessly but also withstand the extreme pressures exhibited by the seas and oceans. And of course, all of it had to be waterproof.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cAnything that\u2019s easy to do on land, the minute you put it in water it becomes so much harder. Saltwater makes it even worse,\u201d Lowe said. \u201cDepending on what it is you\u2019re doing, it can be challenging. Animals can make dives down 1,000 meters.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

A lot of this technology has roots in the military. It should come as no surprise that sonar and telemetry, two tools often used in science were first developed by the military. A lot of the technology that Shark Lab engineers tinker and modify is hand-me-down military technology no longer considered classified.<\/span><\/p>\n

Once in the hands of marine ecologists and engineers, the technology is adapted for biological applications.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cBasically, what we\u2019ve been doing is taking existing technology and modifying that. The goal is to continue this concept of innovation so we can make giant strides,\u201d Lowe said. \u201cWhat we\u2019ve learned in the last five years through new tech has exponentially improved upon what we\u2019ve learned over the last 50 years.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

And innovate they did.<\/span><\/p>\n

Scientists are now using autonomous underwater vehicles and drones to track sharks, people on the beach and how close the two parties are together. There\u2019s the inertial measurement unit (IMU) that acts a little like a Fitbit but for sharks – tracking its motion, acceleration and calorie burn.<\/span><\/p>\n

Then there are about 100 acoustic receivers that line the California coastline, constantly listening for any transmitters attached to sharks. When a tagged shark comes within a receiver\u2019s range, the receiver logs the time, date and ID number of the transmitter.\u00a0 These units require a diver to pick up the receivers from the seafloor so it can be downloaded. Now they have buoys with cabled receivers that transmit data in real-time using cell modems, along with relevant environmental data – like temperature and depth.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cWe\u2019ve been doing all of that for a while now,\u201d Lowe said. \u201cThirty years ago, we had to build our own transmitters and put it on the animals to follow where it went. We\u2019ve also added sensors to the tags that give us more context.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

Work in the shark lab<\/span><\/h2>\n

All of this innovation is coming at the right time, too. The Shark Lab tracks all kinds of species, from leopard sharks to horn sharks, blue sharks and even the rare megamouth shark. But the lab also tracks local species that sharks feed on, like stingrays.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

And understanding how these species interact with each other, their food webs and the changing environment around them will be key in predicting their behaviors for the future.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"

A buoy run by Cal State University. Buoys collect temperature and depth data. (Credit: California State University Shark Lab)<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n

\u201cJust knowing where animals are going to be isn\u2019t good enough. We need to answer questions on how they make decisions,\u201d Lowe said. \u201cto do that we need environmental data as well.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

One application for this data is how sharks might modify their behavior in a changing climate. While some species of white shark can control their body temperatures, they typically prefer cooler waters. As waters continue to warm, Lowe anticipates the distribution of some sharks changing as well.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

However, Lowe believes those that will benefit the most from better shark data is the public. But it has to be used appropriately. After the white shark population began to rebound in Australia, there were more reported cases of shark attacks. After the country started tracking shark locations and made that data public to everyone, beachgoers began to use the data like an early warning system, which creates all sorts of problems.\u00a0 Researchers certainly can\u2019t tag every shark out there and there were likely times when untagged sharks were close to beaches, but there was no alarm.<\/span><\/p>\n

That\u2019s the completely wrong way to think about sharks.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cAll of this should be used as an educational tool. We can\u2019t tag every shark, but if we tag a decent number and study their behavior, we start to understand their behavioral patterns, which ultimately will help us share the ocean with them.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

Prior to the white shark\u2019s resurgence, most people didn\u2019t realize how much of the oceans they did share with them. It\u2019s why so many people feared them. But younger generations are growing up more used to seeing sharks \u2013 and less scared of them.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

It\u2019s a mindset that Lowe wants to capitalize on.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cThe time is right to do some of this work because the public sees the sharks through a different lens. Looking through it as they are important to the marine ecosystem, they could be a potential threat – but we don\u2019t know enough,\u201d Lowe said. \u201cSo, let\u2019s find out.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

At the California State University Shark Lab, a cradle of innovation and research is leading the charge into understanding sharks behavior and physiology.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":36,"featured_media":32203,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[5,6,8,44],"tags":[2068,1214,1589,2064,2063,2066,60,109,2065,856,2067,176],"class_list":["post-32204","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-featured-articles","category-monitoring_tech-htm","category-newsfeed","category-oceans-coasts","tag-acoustic-tags","tag-buoys","tag-california-coast","tag-california-state-university","tag-chris-lowe","tag-data-collection","tag-featured","tag-news-ticker","tag-shark-behavior","tag-sharks","tag-the-shark-lab","tag-top-story"],"remote_post_permalink":false,"remote_post_featured_image":false,"yoast_head":"\nMuch Remains Unknown About Sharks. 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