{"id":32242,"date":"2020-03-04T13:02:33","date_gmt":"2020-03-04T17:02:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.fondriest.com\/news\/?p=32242"},"modified":"2022-08-04T12:40:46","modified_gmt":"2022-08-04T16:40:46","slug":"mercury-and-lake-levels-rise-and-fall-together-around-great-lakes","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.fondriest.com\/news\/mercury-and-lake-levels-rise-and-fall-together-around-great-lakes.htm","title":{"rendered":"Mercury and Lake Levels Rise and Fall Together around Great Lakes"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sometimes the scientific process makes for a great story. Sometimes, like when discovering the relationship between lake levels and mercury levels in fish, it brings a few stories into one.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cIt\u2019s really two or three stories wrapped into one, and the wrapping was a bit of a surprise to us,\u201d said Carl Watras, a research scientist at the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/dnr.wi.gov\/topic\/water.html\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/limnology.wisc.edu\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Center for Limnology<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> at the University of Wisconsin\u2014Madison. In January, Watras and a team of researchers published findings in <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Environmental Science &amp; Technology Letters<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> that related water levels in lakes to mercury levels in walleye and loons.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">From the Pacific Ocean to Mercury Levels in Wisconsin<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">One of those stories is one of cross-continental influence.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Lake levels in the Great Lakes region rise and fall with some regularity. Peaks happen about every thirteen years. It\u2019s a pattern supported by lake level data going back to the 1930s, it\u2019s essentially region-wide, and it\u2019s determined by what happens over half a continent away.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cWhat goes on in the Pacific Ocean determines whether we\u2019re going to go through a wet period or a dry period,\u201d Watras said. Conditions in the atmosphere over the Pacific Ocean can draw more water up from the Gulf of Mexico into the Great Lakes region. Because the conditions in the Pacific Ocean shift regularly, lake levels rise and fall in 13-year cycles.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Another story, the newly published one, relied on another long-term monitoring set. This one, a 30-year look at mercury levels in rain, lakes, fish and other environmental media, Watras said.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Insight into the changes in mercury levels in fish and loons collected from Wisconsin lakes came into focus when team members noticed a similarity between the changes in water level and the changes in mercury bioaccumulation.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cWe were working on that and the statisticians found an oscillation in the concentration of mercury in fish and in loons that eat fish and it mapped right on to the water level oscillation,\u201d Watras said. \u201cThat was a complete surprise.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_32244\" style=\"width: 610px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-32244\" class=\"size-large wp-image-32244\" src=\"https:\/\/www.fondriest.com\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Mercury_Levels-4-600x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https:\/\/news.fondriest.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Mercury_Levels-4-600x450.jpg 600w, https:\/\/news.fondriest.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Mercury_Levels-4-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/news.fondriest.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Mercury_Levels-4-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/news.fondriest.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Mercury_Levels-4-940x705.jpg 940w, https:\/\/news.fondriest.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Mercury_Levels-4.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-32244\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"color: #808080;\">Alex Latzka of the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources holds a walleye during sampling for mercury levels. (Photo courtesy: Alex Latzka)<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">There was no reason to think that water and mercury levels danced to the same beat, Watras said. \u201cWe needed a mechanism.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Water Levels drive Mercury Levels<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mercury bioaccumulation usually starts with methylmercury, a type of mercury produced by bacteria in low-oxygen areas of a lake. The connection from high water to high methylmercury is a process of several steps.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">When lake levels fall, plants grow in the newly exposed land.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cThe vegetation from the forest kind of marches in\u2014if it happens over a long period of time,\u201d Watras said.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">When the water comes back up, those plants in the land reclaimed by a rising lake\u2014called a littoral zone\u2014are flooded and drowned.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">They become food for bacteria that thrive in oxygen-rich water and decompose. When those bacteria have used up all the oxygen and can no longer survive, bacteria that respire using sulfate\u2014an ingredient of acid rain\u2014take over. These are the bacteria that produce methylmercury. When water levels rise, mercury levels do too.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It was \u201ca very serendipitous series of findings,\u201d Watras said. \u201cThere were some big smiles in the room.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This phenomenon was known to occur in reservoirs, where a newly dammed river drowns a lot of plant life all at once. Canadian researchers noticed it when fish in new reservoirs had high mercury levels, posing a threat to First Nations people who relied on the fish.<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_32247\" style=\"width: 610px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-32247\" class=\"size-large wp-image-32247\" src=\"https:\/\/www.fondriest.com\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Mercury_Levels-1-600x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https:\/\/news.fondriest.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Mercury_Levels-1-600x450.jpg 600w, https:\/\/news.fondriest.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Mercury_Levels-1-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/news.fondriest.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Mercury_Levels-1-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/news.fondriest.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Mercury_Levels-1.jpg 940w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-32247\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"color: #808080;\">A Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources employee prepares to test a loon\u2019s mercury levels before releasing it back into the wild. (Photo courtesy: Mike Meyer)<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Watras and his team discovered that the reservoir effect was a natural phenomenon, too.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As a natural phenomenon, it can pose a threat to humans.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Climate change complicates mercury threats<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The team found that low water can reduce mercury in fish enough to make them safe to eat. High water levels, and the resulting high mercury levels, can make them unsafe.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cIt kind of triggers the safe consumption level,\u201d Watras said. \u201cSo, yeah, it actually does have implications.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Those implications could become more important as climate change has uncertain effects on lake levels.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0\u201cThis is definitely a climate concern,\u201d Watras said. In recent years, the highs have been higher and the lows have been lower. In 2012 and 2013, the Great Lakes region experienced record lows in water level, which have now shot up to near-record highs in 2019 and 2020.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cWe don\u2019t know going forward whether the highs and the lows are going to continue to be more amplified or whether things will level off,\u201d Watras said. A few years after worrying inland lakes would disappear, erosion threatens houses on the Great Lakes that were considered safe.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If this is a climate-driven trend, things could get worse for lakes in the region.<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_32245\" style=\"width: 610px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-32245\" class=\"size-large wp-image-32245\" src=\"https:\/\/www.fondriest.com\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Mercury_Levels-3-600x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https:\/\/news.fondriest.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Mercury_Levels-3-600x450.jpg 600w, https:\/\/news.fondriest.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Mercury_Levels-3-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/news.fondriest.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Mercury_Levels-3.jpg 640w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-32245\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"color: #808080;\">Rising water at Little Rock Lake in Wisconsin in 2017 surrounds trees and vegetation, which will soon drown. (Photo courtesy: Jeff Rubsam)<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cThere\u2019s concern that things may actually get much worse, with respect to mercury and with respect to houses falling into the Great Lakes,\u201d Watras said.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Value of Long-term Monitoring<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Watras thinks it\u2019s likely that mercury levels in loons and walleyes are high now, like the lakes, but the data they have only reached 2014 or 2015, due to the required labor-intensive process.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cIt\u2019s such an arduous task to collect fish from hundreds of lakes and homogenize them and it\u2019s very expensive to do the analyses. Those data are still waiting to be produced,\u201d Watras said.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">What\u2019s more, thanks to a deemphasis on science in the state, the loon record was interrupted after decades, Watras said. The walleye project continues.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Uncovering this connection has one final implication: it helps justify actions taken in the 1980s to remove mercury and sulfate from coal power plants. Periodic rises in mercury in fish and loons don\u2019t mean the attempts to scrub mercury from emissions were not worth the effort. It helps explain why, despite a steady decrease in sulfur and mercury in precipitation, mercury levels sometimes increase in fish and provide support for taking those actions in the first place, Watras said.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cThings would only be that much worse than they are now,\u201d he said.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Long term monitoring of lake levels and mercury levels in walleye and loons shows relationship between water and mercury levels.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":37,"featured_media":32246,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[5,458,32,7,8,469],"tags":[2083,2080,448,125,2079,2082,175,2081,176,204,814,776],"class_list":["post-32242","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-featured-articles","category-fish-science","category-lakes-reservoirs","category-news","category-newsfeed","category-walleye","tag-bioaccumulation","tag-center-for-limnology","tag-dnr","tag-great-lakes","tag-lake-levels","tag-loon","tag-mercury","tag-methylmercury","tag-top-story","tag-university-of-wisconsin","tag-walleye","tag-wisconsin"],"remote_post_permalink":false,"remote_post_featured_image":false,"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Mercury and Lake Levels Rise and Fall Together 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