{"id":32317,"date":"2020-04-29T11:10:22","date_gmt":"2020-04-29T15:10:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.fondriest.com\/news\/?p=32317"},"modified":"2022-07-21T09:08:39","modified_gmt":"2022-07-21T13:08:39","slug":"dissecting-the-algae-blooms-of-montanas-unique-gem-the-smith-river","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.fondriest.com\/news\/dissecting-the-algae-blooms-of-montanas-unique-gem-the-smith-river.htm","title":{"rendered":"Dissecting the Algae Blooms of Montana\u2019s \u201cUnique Gem\u201d the Smith River"},"content":{"rendered":"

An unusual nuisance is slowly growing into an inexplicable problem for researchers at Montana\u2019s Department of Environmental Quality<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n

For the last five years, a native species of algae called <\/span>Cladophora<\/span><\/i> has covered large portions of the Smith River, one of the state\u2019s most popular waterways for boating, fishing and recreating. And scientists don\u2019t know why.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cIt\u2019s just unusual. I don\u2019t know if it\u2019s extreme for the state of Montana as other systems have had <\/span>Cladophora<\/span><\/i> problems as well. But it\u2019s most unusual due to the lack of land use changes,\u201d said Chace Bell, a water quality assessment specialist with the Montana DEQ.<\/span><\/p>\n

Historically a problem for water bodies further south; it\u2019s not unusual to see large sections of the Great Lakes colored green. Agricultural runoff, heavier precipitation and shorter winters have all contributed to an annual algal bloom that taints much of Lake Erie in the summer.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

But Montana\u2019s waterways don\u2019t see the same kind of nutrient overload as Lake Erie. Warm temperatures come later in the year and don\u2019t stick around as long once they do arrive. Not much of the surrounding ecosystem has changed in recent years, either.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Located approximately 60 miles east of the state\u2019s capital, the Smith River flows south from White Sulphur Spring through a 55 mile stretch of steep limestone canyons north in the Helena Lewis and Clark National Forest, eventually reaching Great Falls. A lack of development in the area, coupled with scenic views from Montana\u2019s \u2018unique gem,\u2019 has made the spot such a popular destination for people to travel that the state has to issue float permits through a lottery system.<\/span><\/p>\n

While the Smith River looks much different from other water bodies that get covered with algae, it does share some similarities. Since 2015, June has registered 55 degrees or warmer. Plants can grow in temperatures lower than that but at a slow rate. Anything above that and things tend to grow more rapidly.<\/span><\/p>\nAfter Cladophora first reached nuisance levels in the river in 2015, then again in 2016 and 2017, Bell and others at the DEQ initiated a large-scale project in 2018 to find out what was driving the algae\u2019s growth. <\/a><\/span>Share on X<\/a><\/span>\n

\u201cWe developed this overarching question, \u2018why is algae reaching nuisance levels in the Smith River and why now?\u2019\u201d Bell said. \u201cWas it a sudden onset that was going to happen one year and not the next? Was it a complete anomaly where we have a sudden onset in 2015, then it\u2019s not as bad and doesn\u2019t reach nuisance levels the years after?\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cWe used those few years to really make sure it\u2019s worth an in-depth study. And it was completely worth an in-depth study,\u201d he added.<\/span><\/p>\n

In the winter of 2018, Bell\u2019s team set lab controls, located relevant environmental research and determined the variables that influence algae growth. Among those variables are water and air temperature, magnitude and timing of discharge, nutrient concentrations, water hardness and pH.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"smith

Montana\u2019s Smith River covered in algae. While algal blooms occur frequently in bodies of water further south, they still occur in locations further north as well. Teams from Montana\u2019s Department of Environmental Quality are working to understand why blooms have been appearing in the river. (Photo Credit: Montana DEQ)<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n

These factors influence the abundance of phosphorus and nitrogen in the water, two key ingredients that feed algae growth. In 2019, the DEQ sought to determine the limiting nutrient by conducting a nutrient diffusing substrata (NDS) test that included vials that would hold either phosphorus, nitrogen or both phosphorus and nitrogen.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cThat tells us what nutrient is not sufficiently available to support algae growth,\u201d Bell said. \u201cIn the Smith River, what we\u2019re seeing is early in the season, there\u2019s sufficient nutrients of nitrogen and phosphorus. Later in the season in August and September, we\u2019re seeing strong nutrient limitation of nitrogen and phosphorus.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

Determining the source of these nutrients has proven to be a complexity with multiple layers. Along with testing dozens of sites in the water system, the DEQ also added a bio-available phosphorus study that would assess if the nutrient was also present in a dissolved form in suspended sediment particles.<\/span><\/p>\n

It\u2019s also considering the role that different soil types most recently laid during the last ice age might have in contributing to phosphorus growth.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cThose fairly young soils have a lot of phosphorus in them and they\u2019re now leaching out into our streams and we\u2019re seeing dissolved phosphorus might be playing a role here,\u201d said Bell.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cSo what we\u2019re trying to do is fit this puzzle together of increasing air temperatures in White Sulphur Springs, increasing water temperatures in June at Camp Baker,\u201d he added. \u201cThen there\u2019s this timeframe where we know that nutrients aren\u2019t limiting algae growth, which we know is that June timeframe into early July.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

Before 2015, the water temperature eclipsed the 55-degree threshold needed for abundant algae growth in three previous years; 2003, 2006 and 2007. But no algae was ever reported.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Cladophora<\/span><\/i> isn\u2019t toxic like its blue-green algae cousin that grows in Lake Erie. While it\u2019s an unsightly mess that gets caught on oars and in fishing gear and causes problems for local irrigators, it\u2019s not poisonous.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Beyond possible changes to juvenile fish populations, Bell also doesn\u2019t believe it will impact the adult fish species in the area due to the dissolved oxygen decreases that are associated with algae growth. However, it could harm the insect populations.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cFrom a biology standpoint, if this persists over time, we could see a taxa shift so bug communities might change in the Smith River,\u201d he said. \u201cMayfly, caddisfly systems might transition over time.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

In partnership with the U.S. Geological Survey, the DEQ is deploying two monitoring stations on two tributaries to build on the phosphorus research conducted in 2019. It will include real-time turbidity meters and gauges, as well as an automated ISCO Sampler for measuring the water\u2019s chemistry during the rise and fall of the hydrograph \u2013 which helps Bell\u2019s team better understand phosphorus coming from the tributaries. Data from this year\u2019s study will help researchers decipher when conditions for phosphorus limitation are in play.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cWe\u2019ll get a better understanding if there is something that we can do in the future to build resiliency to these algae growth events,\u201d he said.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

The Montana Department of Environmental Quality is studying why a native species of algae is covering one of the state\u2019s most popular rivers.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":36,"featured_media":32321,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[4,5,6,7,49,510],"tags":[308,617,2118,2115,60,2116,109,147,669,1257,2117,73,503],"class_list":["post-32317","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-aquatic_species-htm","category-featured-articles","category-monitoring_tech-htm","category-news","category-rivers-streams","category-water-quality","tag-algae","tag-algal-bloom","tag-chace-bell","tag-cladophora","tag-featured","tag-montana-deq","tag-news-ticker","tag-nitrogen","tag-nutrients","tag-phosphorous","tag-smith-river","tag-usgs","tag-water-quality"],"remote_post_permalink":false,"remote_post_featured_image":false,"yoast_head":"\nDissecting the 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