{"id":36389,"date":"2021-11-12T12:52:55","date_gmt":"2021-11-12T16:52:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.fondriest.com\/news\/?p=36389"},"modified":"2021-12-10T11:21:03","modified_gmt":"2021-12-10T15:21:03","slug":"aquatic-systems-connectivity-finding-relationships-between-waters","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.fondriest.com\/news\/aquatic-systems-connectivity-finding-relationships-between-waters.htm","title":{"rendered":"Aquatic Systems Connectivity: Finding Relationships Between Waters"},"content":{"rendered":"

An early aquatic science pioneer, Luna Leopold, said that \u201cThe health of our waters is the principal measure of how we live on the land.\u201d Determining how the land impacts water quality, however, is complex. There must be an understanding of the flow of materials, organisms, and energy within our waters and how they are connected, or even whether they are connected. Enter the emerging field of aquatic systems connectivity.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nate Jones<\/span><\/a>, assistant professor of ecohydrology at the University of Alabama, and his colleagues <\/span>explain in a recent paper<\/span><\/a> that aquatic systems connectivity refers to \u201cthe flow of materials, organisms, and energy between ecosystems (or ecosystem components) and serves as a unifying concept for the study, management, and restoration of aquatic systems.\u201d The idea involves interdisciplinary researchers of the aquatic science community collectively working to improve the connectivity of the physical, chemical, and biological functions of aquatic systems.\u00a0 By using the aquatic systems connectivity framework for understanding water movement phenomena, Jones and others hope the information gathered can ultimately be used to improve downstream water quality.<\/span><\/p>\n\u201cThis aquatic systems connectivity framework is similar to other concepts like sustainability or resilience\u2014these frameworks provide common ground for different disciplines to come together and work to address complex problems,\u201d Jones\u2026 <\/a><\/span>Share on X<\/a><\/span>\n

Aquatic systems connectivity involves hydrologic connectivity\u2014the movement of materials or energy mediated by the flow of water. This movement is influenced by how waters are connected if they are connected, and for how long. A useful way of categorizing aquatic systems is by dividing them into two subgroups: navigable waterways vs. non-navigable waterways. Water is considered navigable if a boat can pass through it. Non-navigable waterways, on the other hand, include ephemeral streams and geographically isolated wetlands.<\/span><\/p>\n

Navigable waters fall under the Clean Water Act (CWA); jurisdiction of non-navigable waters is a bit more complicated. Non-navigable waters can fall under CWA jurisdiction if they have a \u201csignificant nexus\u201d to physical, chemical, or biological integrity of navigable waters (<\/span>USEPA and USACE<\/span><\/a>). For example, if it can be shown that small aggregate wetlands influence a navigable stream, that would be considered a significant nexus.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u201cIt is important to operationally define \u2018significant nexus\u2019\u201d said Jones.\u00a0 \u201cAttempting to do that exposed major gaps in our knowledge of how aquatic systems function and the connection of different system components.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

According to the Jones et al. paper (referenced above), there are a few ways to separate aquatic systems into system components so that they can be considered as discrete individual parts, yet with representation of flows of water and materials among those parts, and containing spatial scales of parts and their flows. Aquatic system parts can be organized hierarchically around watersheds and attached downstream flows of materials, energy, and water. Another useful idea for arranging aquatic system components is the \u201criver continuum concept,\u201d where the flow and processing of organic materials is organized in terms of headwater streams as they move into large rivers. There is also the \u201cupdated river corridor concept,\u201d which includes horizontal and vertical flow exchanges in addition to downstream movement of energy and materials, scrutinizing the movements between hyporheic zones and flood plains. Still, other approaches include shifting the frame of reference from river corridor to watershed, dividing the landscape into discrete system components via biogeochemical reaction schemes or \u201cboundary objects.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

While understanding how to divide up aquatic systems into discrete parts for analysis is one challenge for aquatic systems connectivity research, another important challenge is getting a grasp of the vastly different scales at which aquatic systems function within and across landscapes. Part of this is understanding the movement of organisms. Aquatic connectivity involves biological connectivity.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cThere is an individual wetland scale, regional scale, and continental scale,\u201d said Jones. \u201cWe need to think of the \u2018wetland scape\u2019 and also the \u2018freshwater ecosystem mosaic\u2019\u2014the large-scale functions of inland aquatic systems.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"

Geographically isolated wetland on the Delmarva Peninsula on the Eastern Shore of Maryland. (Credit: Nate Jones)<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n

Jones mentions that stream connectivity is understood better than the other aquatic connectivity types.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cPacific salmon have been a good case study,\u201d Jones mentions. \u201cFlitcroft\u2019s research has highlighted the need for \u2018pan environment\u2019 studies\u2014gaining an understanding of not only upstream but also estuarine and marine habitats.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

The success of aquatic system connectivity studies relies on their ability to characterize and predict hydrologic, biogeochemical and biological flows between aquatic systems. A process-based grid-free hydrologic model is under development. Basin to region scales are important, and waters can act and connect differently due to a variety of factors.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cWe\u2019ve found that lakes, for example, can act as individual hydrologic units during drought, but when the water table is high, they can act as larger connected units,\u201d explains Jones.<\/span><\/p>\n

American Water Resource Association<\/span><\/a> (AWRA) has acted as a leader in water resources management studies and has greatly contributed to aquatic system connectivity studies.<\/span><\/p>\n

Jones and others have had some surprises in their research.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cResearch through the Dry Rivers RCN (Research Coordination Network) is beginning to examine both spatial and temporal patterns in stream drying. The RCN consists of 20 to 30 scientists across the fields of ecology and hydrology. Surprisingly, in many parts of the country, our analyses are starting to see an increase in stream drying likely due to a combination of changes in both land use and climate,\u201d Jones said.<\/span><\/p>\n

Another study that shows the scope and utility of aquatic systems connectivity studies is the Aquatic Intermittency Effects on Microbiomes in the Streams (AIMS) study, funded by NSF. It involves three regions:\u00a0 West (Idaho State), Great Plains (U. of Kansas, Kansas State, University of Oklahoma), and Southeast (U. of Alabama, Ole Miss, U. of Southern Mississippi). There are nine field sites. The study also explores the effects of stream drying. This is important because roughly half of streams dry up. In this study, Amy Burgin and other researchers have looked into the stream drying process, which has a microbiological component and a chemical component.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cThere\u2019s been more intermittent stream drying in recent times, and we want to know how that impacts water quality,\u201d says Jones. \u201cThis has happened in the Southeast for sure. There are changing water patterns, and we think land use change and climate change are behind that.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

When asked to peer into the future of the field, Jones says, \u201cHydrologic connectivity will continue to be an important concept guiding research, regulatory, and management communities. There are still major points of uncertainty associated with small, upstream systems like non-perennial streams. While these streams are small, they make up the majority of our river miles and play an important role in the physical, chemical, and biological functions of our water resources.\u201d <\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

The emerging field of aquatic systems connectivity examines waters, their existence spatially and temporally, and their connections to each other. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":21,"featured_media":36391,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[5,7,8,49,510],"tags":[2319,2323,2321,60,2320,2324,705,2322,669,1831,1068,503],"class_list":["post-36389","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-featured-articles","category-news","category-newsfeed","category-rivers-streams","category-water-quality","tag-aquatic-connectivity","tag-aquatic-systems","tag-ecosystems","tag-featured","tag-flow","tag-hydrologic-connectivity","tag-microbes","tag-navigable-waters","tag-nutrients","tag-rivers","tag-streams","tag-water-quality"],"remote_post_permalink":false,"remote_post_featured_image":false,"yoast_head":"\nAquatic Systems Connectivity: Finding 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