{"id":39684,"date":"2025-06-02T08:00:57","date_gmt":"2025-06-02T12:00:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.fondriest.com\/news\/?p=39684"},"modified":"2025-05-29T14:24:10","modified_gmt":"2025-05-29T18:24:10","slug":"research-in-the-reserve-promoting-interdisciplinary-conservation-at-the-great-bay-national-estuarine-research-reserve","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.fondriest.com\/news\/research-in-the-reserve-promoting-interdisciplinary-conservation-at-the-great-bay-national-estuarine-research-reserve.htm","title":{"rendered":"Research in the Reserve: Promoting Interdisciplinary Conservation at the Great Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>On an early winter day in 1973, a helicopter buzzed over Durham, New Hampshire, just a few miles from the Atlantic Ocean. One of the helicopter\u2019s guests, oil magnate Aristotle Onassis, owner of Olympic Refining, looked east of town and saw what he hoped would become the world\u2019s largest oil refinery. Instead, he saw the Great Bay; thousands of acres of green coastal forest, mud flats, salt marshes, and estuarine tidal waters stretching over the land toward New Hampshire&#8217;s small Eastern coastline.<\/p>\n<p>Onassis likely also saw a group of Durham residents staked out on the bay\u2019s coast, ready for him to pass overhead. While out of place in the natural setting, an <a href=\"https:\/\/greatbay.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/GBM-Fall-2023_oil-ref.pdf\">obvious message<\/a> was spelled out in red paper: \u201cNot Here.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Those words took hold in the small community, as townspeople banded together to oppose the construction of an oil refinery on their local land and waters. Just a few months after that helicopter ride, despite <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">overwhelming<\/span> support from the state and various media outlets to build the refinery, residents of Durham voted resoundingly to ban the construction of oil terminals and rezone their town to allow oil production.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_39697\" style=\"width: 950px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-39697\" class=\"size-full wp-image-39697\" src=\"https:\/\/www.fondriest.com\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Peter_IMG_5831_ForWeb-1.jpg\" alt=\"Eelgrass monitoring- this time looking at how they impact the nitrogen concentration of water by monitoring dissolved nitrogen and eelgrass cover. \" width=\"940\" height=\"705\" srcset=\"https:\/\/news.fondriest.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Peter_IMG_5831_ForWeb-1.jpg 940w, https:\/\/news.fondriest.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Peter_IMG_5831_ForWeb-1-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/news.fondriest.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Peter_IMG_5831_ForWeb-1-600x450.jpg 600w, https:\/\/news.fondriest.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Peter_IMG_5831_ForWeb-1-768x576.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 940px) 100vw, 940px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-39697\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"color: #808080;\">Eelgrass monitoring- this time looking at how they impact the nitrogen concentration of water by monitoring dissolved nitrogen and eelgrass cover. (Credit: Christopher Peter)<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n<p>Olympic left New Hampshire without its grand oil refinery, and the town of Durham left the interaction victorious in protecting its Great Bay. But residents were wary of future approaches to their land and water, and soon after, created the Great Bay System Estuarine Conservation Trust.<\/p>\n<p>This was just the first step, and in 1989, the Great Bay achieved even more protection. That year, it earned status as a National Estuarine Research Reserve (NERR), a system created by the <a href=\"https:\/\/coast.noaa.gov\/nerrs\/reserves\/great-bay.html\">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration<\/a> (NOAA).<\/p>\n<p>The Reserve is a state-federal partnership between NOAA and the New Hampshire Fish and Game Department (NHFG). Day-to-day management is run by NHFG while NOAA continues to support the Reserve with funding, technical assistance, and links to the national network. It has remained under protection since 1989 and looks quite similar to the view from that nearly-fateful helicopter ride over 50 years ago.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_39696\" style=\"width: 950px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-39696\" class=\"size-full wp-image-39696\" src=\"https:\/\/www.fondriest.com\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Peter_IMG_5628_ForWeb.jpg\" alt=\"Salt marsh restoration planning. Site walk to help with the restoration design of an impaired marsh from historic farming practices and increased sea levels.\" width=\"940\" height=\"279\" srcset=\"https:\/\/news.fondriest.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Peter_IMG_5628_ForWeb.jpg 940w, https:\/\/news.fondriest.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Peter_IMG_5628_ForWeb-300x89.jpg 300w, https:\/\/news.fondriest.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Peter_IMG_5628_ForWeb-600x178.jpg 600w, https:\/\/news.fondriest.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Peter_IMG_5628_ForWeb-768x228.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 940px) 100vw, 940px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-39696\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"color: #808080;\">Salt marsh restoration planning. Site walk to help with the restoration design of an impaired marsh from historic farming practices and increased sea levels. (Credit: Christopher Peter)<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #808080;\">The Current State of the Great Bay<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Christopher Peter is a research coordinator at the Great Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve, where he has been since 2017. Having previously worked nearby at the University of New Hampshire, Peter knew of the sprawling 10,000-acre reserve. Yet, once he started working on the ground in Great Bay, he began appreciating the many hats the Reserve was wearing, which include education, land management, and environmental stewardship.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cWe spread our resources\u2026[some] labs are just focused on researchers, or some of these centers are focused on education,\u201d Peter says. \u201cAnd we do all of that.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Recreation in and around the Reserve involves land and water, where people can hike, hunt, fish, and go birding, connecting visitors to protected natural resources. As a collaboration between state and federal protection, all of the lands in the Reserve are Wildlife Management Areas. Some of this land is managed for research and visitor use, and some areas are managed to benefit wildlife.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_39691\" style=\"width: 950px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-39691\" class=\"size-full wp-image-39691\" src=\"https:\/\/www.fondriest.com\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Peter_IMG_1305_ForWeb.jpg\" alt=\"Crab monitoring on Great Bay.\" width=\"940\" height=\"762\" srcset=\"https:\/\/news.fondriest.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Peter_IMG_1305_ForWeb.jpg 940w, https:\/\/news.fondriest.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Peter_IMG_1305_ForWeb-300x243.jpg 300w, https:\/\/news.fondriest.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Peter_IMG_1305_ForWeb-600x486.jpg 600w, https:\/\/news.fondriest.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Peter_IMG_1305_ForWeb-768x623.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 940px) 100vw, 940px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-39691\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"color: #808080;\">Crab monitoring on Great Bay. (Credit: Christopher Peter)<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n<p>Another long-standing tradition at the Reserve is education, which occurs at the Great Bay Discovery Center in Greenland, New Hampshire. According to Peter, thousands of local school children visit the Reserve each year on field trips to learn about estuarine ecosystems. The Reserve also offers programming for young families and teacher training workshops, as well as sharing scientific information with the local community.<\/p>\n<p>Much of the research Peter and his colleagues carry out is used to directly inform educational programs. Under the NERR system, collaboration between the different focus areas of a Reserve is heavily encouraged.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cI can start generating a science project that has a management application, and then have an education component too,\u201d Peter explains. \u201cIt&#8217;s like a pipeline. It&#8217;s not just one facility.\u201d<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_39704\" style=\"width: 950px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-39704\" class=\"size-full wp-image-39704\" src=\"https:\/\/www.fondriest.com\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Peter_IMG_9589_ForWeb.jpg\" alt=\"Every year, Great Bay Reserve hosts a teachers' workshop to help bring the latest science to the classroom.\" width=\"940\" height=\"810\" srcset=\"https:\/\/news.fondriest.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Peter_IMG_9589_ForWeb.jpg 940w, https:\/\/news.fondriest.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Peter_IMG_9589_ForWeb-300x259.jpg 300w, https:\/\/news.fondriest.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Peter_IMG_9589_ForWeb-600x517.jpg 600w, https:\/\/news.fondriest.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Peter_IMG_9589_ForWeb-768x662.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 940px) 100vw, 940px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-39704\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"color: #808080;\">Every year, Great Bay Reserve hosts a teachers&#8217; workshop to help bring the latest science to the classroom. (Credit: Christopher Peter)<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #808080;\">Research in the Estuarine Reserve<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Peter and his colleagues recently wrapped up a decade-long project in the estuary investigating how salt marshes are impacted by climate change, specifically how sea level rise is changing their habitat. A decade of data was analyzed, and the project came to a grim realization: salt marshes aren\u2019t doing well.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cMarshes are changing. They&#8217;re basically drowning out now, because we&#8217;re facing unprecedented levels of sea level rise,\u201d Peter says. \u201cSo we&#8217;re likely to see less marshes in the future unless we take some action.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>According to Peter, Great Bay has lost about half its seagrass beds, 90% of its oyster reefs, and has experienced significant marsh degradation. Some of this land has been replaced by subtidal mud flats, which now dominate the estuarine reserve.<\/p>\n<p>Another key part of the Reserve is the coastal forest. Being above the water line, Peter explains that emphasis is placed on protecting these lands, although all parts of the Reserve work together to create its unique ecosystem.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_39694\" style=\"width: 950px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-39694\" class=\"size-full wp-image-39694\" src=\"https:\/\/www.fondriest.com\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Peter_IMG_4503_ForWeb.jpg\" alt=\"A teachers\u2019 workshop focused on water quality monitoring with our data sondes.\" width=\"940\" height=\"471\" srcset=\"https:\/\/news.fondriest.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Peter_IMG_4503_ForWeb.jpg 940w, https:\/\/news.fondriest.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Peter_IMG_4503_ForWeb-300x150.jpg 300w, https:\/\/news.fondriest.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Peter_IMG_4503_ForWeb-600x301.jpg 600w, https:\/\/news.fondriest.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Peter_IMG_4503_ForWeb-768x385.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 940px) 100vw, 940px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-39694\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"color: #808080;\">A teachers\u2019 workshop focused on water quality monitoring with data sondes like the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.fondriest.com\/ysi-exo2-multi-parameter-water-quality-sonde.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">YSI EXO2<\/a>. (Credit: Christopher Peter)<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n<p>Climate change is also bringing new fish and wildlife into the Great Bay. The arrival of Atlantic blue crabs, which are usually found further south in warmer climates, has brought Peter a new dynamic to investigate. He explains that the Gulf of Maine, which is bordered by Cape Cod in the south, the New Hampshire and Maine Coasts, and Nova Scotia to the north, is rapidly warming. In fact, it is in the 99th warming percentile worldwide.<\/p>\n<p>As the climate warms, Peter believes the crabs are extending their northern limit and migrating into New Hampshire and Maine. He sees at the same time that lobsters in the estuary are migrating north out of Great Bay in search of cooler waters.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cSo we&#8217;ve been working on understanding how much [of] their population is here, and trying to find all the parts of the life cycle,\u201d Peter says.<\/p>\n<p>\u201c[Do] they come here and then they die over the winter, or [do] they come and stay and reproduce?\u201d he questions, with his current project revolving around understanding the crab&#8217;s diet in Great Bay.<\/p>\n<p>However, Peter\u2019s and his colleague\u2019s work doesn\u2019t just inform in-house management and education\u2013another component of the Reserve is training engagement. This involves bringing the research conducted at Great Bay to conferences, workshops, and more, using what they have learned to aid in research projects and management decisions across the country.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_39702\" style=\"width: 950px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-39702\" class=\"size-full wp-image-39702\" src=\"https:\/\/www.fondriest.com\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Peter_IMG_7612_ForWeb\uf026.jpg\" alt=\"Examining how seagrass meadows in Great Bay denitrify the sediment using the push-pull method.\" width=\"940\" height=\"705\" srcset=\"https:\/\/news.fondriest.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Peter_IMG_7612_ForWeb\uf026.jpg 940w, https:\/\/news.fondriest.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Peter_IMG_7612_ForWeb\uf026-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/news.fondriest.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Peter_IMG_7612_ForWeb\uf026-600x450.jpg 600w, https:\/\/news.fondriest.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Peter_IMG_7612_ForWeb\uf026-768x576.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 940px) 100vw, 940px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-39702\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"color: #808080;\">Examining how seagrass meadows in Great Bay denitrify the sediment using the push-pull method (Aoki &amp; McGlathery 2017). (Credit: Christopher Peter)<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #808080;\">Unique Status in NERR<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>This is especially useful when collaborating with other estuarine reserves under NOAA, which Peter sees as one of the great benefits of joining the national NERR system.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cI think that&#8217;s one of the two biggest strengths of the Reserve system, is the integration of management, education, [and] research,\u201d Peter says. \u201cAnd then the other biggest strength is we can amplify our efforts nationally, within our system.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Currently, Great Bay is working with scientists from the University of New Hampshire and several other reserves to catalog the biodiversity and communities in these estuaries. Components involve filtering DNA from water samples and looking at fish diversity across habitat types, salinity levels, and latitude. Understanding the diversity that estuaries harbor is key to predicting how they may change, or resist change, in the face of an ever-shifting planet.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_39689\" style=\"width: 950px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-39689\" class=\"size-full wp-image-39689\" src=\"https:\/\/www.fondriest.com\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Peter_IMG_0288_ForWeb.jpg\" alt=\"Blue crab trapping on Great Bay- understanding how this new species from warming waters is affecting the Bay.\" width=\"940\" height=\"705\" srcset=\"https:\/\/news.fondriest.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Peter_IMG_0288_ForWeb.jpg 940w, https:\/\/news.fondriest.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Peter_IMG_0288_ForWeb-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/news.fondriest.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Peter_IMG_0288_ForWeb-600x450.jpg 600w, https:\/\/news.fondriest.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Peter_IMG_0288_ForWeb-768x576.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 940px) 100vw, 940px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-39689\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"color: #808080;\">Blue crab trapping on Great Bay- understanding how this new species from warming waters is affecting the Bay. (Credit: Christopher Peter)<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #808080;\">Conclusion<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Fortunately, not all is bleak for Great Bay and other estuarine reserves. Peter says that because land management and community engagement are such large parts of running the reserve, restoration and conservation are always ongoing. Great Bay is buying adjacent land, providing science to decision makers to help add further layers of protection to improve the water quality in a bay home to so many vital plants and wildlife.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cWe focus on science to management,\u201d Peter explains. \u201cWe are buying and protecting land because they act as buffers to prevent nutrients from getting into the Great Bay.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>They also partner with other conservation organizations and volunteers to bring back lost habitat, in the hope that future visitors may experience the natural landscape that locals fought so hard to preserve all those years ago.<\/p>\n<p>\u201c[It\u2019s] not just science for the sake of science,\u201d Peter says. \u201cThere&#8217;s a lot of efforts here to try to restore lost habitats and prevent future lost habitats.\u201d<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>On an early winter day in 1973, a helicopter buzzed over Durham, New Hampshire, just a few miles from the Atlantic Ocean. One of the helicopter\u2019s guests, oil magnate Aristotle Onassis, owner of Olympic Refining, looked east of town and saw what he hoped would become the world\u2019s largest oil refinery. Instead, he saw the [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":48,"featured_media":39685,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[23,59,5,458,7,8,49,510],"tags":[118,13,157,74,503,56],"class_list":["post-39684","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-earth-atmosphere","category-estuaries-wetlands","category-featured-articles","category-fish-science","category-news","category-newsfeed","category-rivers-streams","category-water-quality","tag-aquatic-species","tag-biology","tag-climate-change","tag-noaa","tag-water-quality","tag-wetlands-estuaries"],"remote_post_permalink":false,"remote_post_featured_image":false,"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Research in the Reserve: Promoting Interdisciplinary Conservation at the Great Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"On the site of what was once planned to be the world&#039;s largest oil refinery sits the Great Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve, where collaborative research now thrives.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fondriest.com\/news\/research-in-the-reserve-promoting-interdisciplinary-conservation-at-the-great-bay-national-estuarine-research-reserve.htm\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Research in the Reserve: Promoting Interdisciplinary Conservation at the Great Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"On the site of what was once planned to be the world&#039;s largest oil refinery sits the Great Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve, where collaborative research now thrives.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.fondriest.com\/news\/research-in-the-reserve-promoting-interdisciplinary-conservation-at-the-great-bay-national-estuarine-research-reserve.htm\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Environmental Monitor\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2025-06-02T12:00:57+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.fondriest.com\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Peter_IMG_5831_ForWeb.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"940\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"705\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Sam Norton\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Sam Norton\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"9 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.fondriest.com\\\/news\\\/research-in-the-reserve-promoting-interdisciplinary-conservation-at-the-great-bay-national-estuarine-research-reserve.htm#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.fondriest.com\\\/news\\\/research-in-the-reserve-promoting-interdisciplinary-conservation-at-the-great-bay-national-estuarine-research-reserve.htm\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Sam Norton\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.fondriest.com\\\/news\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/8b594a2654ef33b01e98456d99a980ef\"},\"headline\":\"Research in the Reserve: Promoting Interdisciplinary Conservation at the Great Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve\",\"datePublished\":\"2025-06-02T12:00:57+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.fondriest.com\\\/news\\\/research-in-the-reserve-promoting-interdisciplinary-conservation-at-the-great-bay-national-estuarine-research-reserve.htm\"},\"wordCount\":1542,\"commentCount\":0,\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.fondriest.com\\\/news\\\/research-in-the-reserve-promoting-interdisciplinary-conservation-at-the-great-bay-national-estuarine-research-reserve.htm#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/news.fondriest.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2025\\\/05\\\/Peter_IMG_5831_ForWeb.jpg\",\"keywords\":[\"aquatic species\",\"biology\",\"climate change\",\"NOAA\",\"water quality\",\"Wetlands &amp; 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